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AffiliationJoint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences,

Annotation
Researches in the physics of extreme states of matter created by femtosecond laser pulses are supposed to be conducted in this direction. Modern laser systems of the Centre of the Collective Use «Laser Femtosecond Complex» of JIHT RAS will be used to obtain new knowledge about the processes, connected with the interaction of femtosecond laser pulses with the matter. Knowledge obtained will essentially advance physics of the interaction of femtosecond laser pulses with the matter. This branch of science is very important in technical applications (creation of nanostructural surface) as well in fundamental physics (investigation of excited quantum states of condensed matter). New data on optical parameters at the excited states would make it possible to "look inside" the excited many-body quantum systems. This will raise highly the level of our understanding of internal processes at the two-temperature stage, when the temperature of the excited electrons exceeds the temperature of phonon subsystem. Exploration of the extreme states of matter under the action of intense laser radiation is a fundamental problem in the numerous theoretical and experimental researches. These investigations cover a bright field from the condense matter physics to the plasma physics and high energy physics that determines a high importance of the planned research for topical fundamental problems and such applications, as creation of the new sources of energy on the base of the control thermo-nuclear fusion, creation and investigation of the new materials, and also elaboration of the new sources of radiation and high energy particles, as for the fundamental research in high energy physics and astrophysics, so for the practically important problems of environment diagnostics, materials science, biology and medicine. As part of the project we are planning to study an ensemble of plasmadynamic and thermodynamic phenomena, occurring due to the interaction of high-energy electron beams and quasi-stationary compression plasma flows with the surface of dust particles, as well as to investigate the relations between parameters of the incident flow and parameters of the accelerated dust particles. It is actual to study processes of charging of dust macroparticles by electron beams or in plasma. At present time there are widely presented works, related to studies of charging of dust particles in plasma of different types of gas discharges: radio frequency (RF-) discharge , DC glow discharge, and also in the thermal plasma and plasma, induced by UV- radiation. However, in these experiments the particle charges usually not exceed more than 1000-10000 e (where e is an elementary charge) for the particles of micron sizes. Meanwhile, a great interest is to significantly higher charges on the particles. In recent years the production of nano-powders in the world increases under the exponential law. Therefore the problem of development of new, hi-tech methods of synthesis of various nanoparticles is extremely actual. Thus it is necessary to solve problems of extension of the nomenclature of nanopowders both of quality, and of a variety of consumer properties. In this regard the scientific task, on which the project is directed, consists in development of fundamental bases and development of the technological principles of new ways of synthesis of high-pure metal-carbon nanopowders at photodecomposition and pyrolysis various metal and carbon containing gaseous substances. To this purpose the new method of photosynthesis of nanoparticles, developed in laboratory, based on laser photolysis, and also a known method of pyrolysis of gaseous carbon and metallic species will be applied. The project supposes the study of different physical properties of gas media, obtained by laser cooling. Laser cooling is amazingly effective and elegant technique which became very useful in many branches of optical, atomic and molecular physics (AMO). Laser cooling and evaporating cooling allow create and investigate Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). These techniques open a way to study new nonlinear optical quantum phenomena, including processes in ultra-cold non-ideal plasma. In the near future it will be possible to use obtained results for development new devices and sensors, such as quantum computers, gravity meters and others. We would like to remind that already the laser cooling technique is applied for development of the super accurate quantum clock. In the frame of our project we plan to study new physical objects as Rydberg crystals and magneto-stabilized ultra-cold plasma. In our lab we can excite Li-7 and Ca-40 up to n > 100 by using the unique laser system (Spectra Physics). The project research is focused on physical processes in plasma of relativistic laser pulses leading to the generation of an intense X-ray radiation. The results of the project will be of demand in both fundamental research and technological applications, including inertial confinement fusion, high energy density physics studies, laboratory astrophysics, coherent X-ray source physics, radiography of ultra-fast processes and short-lived object, x-ray lithography and other approaches in precision material modification. Direct measurements of internal energy and resistivity of liquid carbon as a function of density and pressure will be carried out in the density range from values near the melting curve down to values of 3 - 5 times lower and at pressures of 2 - 7 GPa. Besides traditional diagnostic of the current through the sample and the voltage drop along its length, we developed the pressure diagnostic in the sample (using the ruby pressure scale) and thermal expansion of the sample (using a laser interferometer). This diagnostics allow us to measure simultaneously in each experiment the resistivity, density, the specific internal energy and pressure. The study of the matter properties at extreme parameters is currently one of the most promising research guidelines for both extending fundamental representations of matter, including astrophysical and geophysical investigation, and developing new materials with extraordinary properties. The experimental data obtained in the last years for extreme pressures and temperatures indicate the existence of the entirely new extraordinary condensed phases of matter, corresponding to both metal (with high conductivity) and dielectric (with low conductivity) states, the metal--dielectric transition, and specific phase transitions, in particular, the liquid--liquid one. The study of the behavior of matter under extreme conditions, including the range of critical parameters, is necessary, in particular, for developing new structural materials, including those for nuclear power engineering. In the present project, it is proposed to implement a comprehensive approach to the study of thermal and electrical properties of matter under extreme conditions; on its basis, it is planned to form understanding of the properties of matter and the processes occurring in experiments, to develop new diagnostic methods and to perform searches for new research directions. Fundamental investigations of complex plasma and development of technological base of using the charged microparticle structures are important problems in modern physics. Microparticles are often present in many energy devices. Very challenging is the problem of building nuclear batteries used direct conversion of nuclear fission energy into optical radiation. Here the charged microparticles of fissile material have to levite in the active laser gas medium due to the specially developed traps. Another important problem is the environmental degradation, which increase requirements for filtration of gases (including air) in devices of nuclear power engineering and other industries. Possible way to solve mentioned problems can be related to development of new principles and methods of filtration by altering electrical fields in electrodynamic traps. For the analysis of the processes occurring in the material under the conditions of high energy density (such as shock wave, beam or laser action; electric explosion of conductors by high -power current pulse) information about the properties of materials in a wide range of parameters is required. The present study is aimed at both the development of methods for the obtaining and diagnostics of extreme conditions, and the improvement of wide-range models of thermodynamic and optical properties of various materials at high pressures and temperatures. The relevance of this study is determined by an active development of modern techniques and technologies, based of the application of high-energy interaction with materials. In the framework of project it is planned to perform extensive research in the field of magnetic hydrodynamics and heat transfer of molten metals and salts for the new generation of nuclear and thermonuclear energy. This latter includes construction of a new mercury-based MHD installation capable to achieve a wide range of thermal and hydrodynamic parameters and magnetic fields. It is planned to conduct a comprehensive experimental and computational studies, in which special attention will be given to adverse effects and so-called “forbidden modes” of heat transfer associated with a risk of destruction of the walls of the heat exchanger. The operation of the coolant in the conditions of pulse energy release associated with a risk of cavitation phenomena, accompanied by its splashing, and possible interference with the laser or particle beams. For promising heat transfer fluids as molten metals and salts, it is supposed to measure their dynamic (cavitation) strength. It is planned to perform a deep improvement and modernization of the experimental facilities and to perform a comprehensive studies of the thermophysical properties of refractory ceramics and other materials in the temperature range, including their melting. The corresponding data are badly demanded for developments in next generation of nuclear reactors. The new techniques and the instruments will be developed for studies of both congruent and incongruent melting of the high-melted materials. To ensure the safety of hydrogen production and transport in the field of the hydrogen energy and the problems of the reactor safety related with possible hydrogen release the new knowledge will be gained about the patterns of ignition and combustion of hydrogen-air mixtures in large quantities in the presence of steam, in various geometries and the presents of the acoustic perturbations and other energy sources. In the framework of the project it is planned to obtain new experimental and computed data on the critical conditions of propagation of detonation in the hydrogen-air mixtures in a free and partially confined gas mixtures in large amount, to explore possible retarding effect of vapor and water aerosols, and to obtain theoretical and experimental justification for the use of sound-absorbing elements to prevent the formation of detonation in confined spaces. The project combines the development in the well established research areas reinforced with revolutionary new issues of fundamental and applied research. Concerning the MHD heat transfer in liquid metals and molten salts the scientific novelty of the work consist in the formulation of the complex task of convective heat transfer in the presence of turbulence, electromagnetic and gravitation forces. The studies of molten salt as heat transfer fluids will be performed for the first time. As regards the study of mechanics the novelty is in the the first time planned studies of the cavitations strength of molten metals and salts. In the domain of a high-temperature thermophysics the scientific breakthrough is in implementation of power laser techniques, providing a comprehensive study of materials out of the reach of traditional methods. In terms of combustion of hydrogen-air mixtures novelty lies in the wide scale experiments using unique explosion chamber, and a comprehensive approach to the problem of the transition of combustion to detonation in the presence of acoustic and other disturbances. This program’s branch is devoted to elaboration of the theoretical and experimental foundations of the development of technologies and power systems of the new generation with the use of alternative energy sources, renewable sources and energy storage equipment. Considered scientific issues are included in the priority areas of energy development, outlined in the Energy Strategy of Russia and other government decisions.Their relevance and importance for power generation is caused by the necessity to improve systems of the centralized, distributed and autonomous energetic through wider usage of local energy resources, including renewable ones, modern materials, methods of energy storage, new energy sources and carriers. Complex of fundamental and exploratory research, conducted within the program and covered vital topics of the development of energetic, will lead to formation scientific reserve and justification of new principles for the establishment of innovative scientific and technological base, required to transfer the energetic of the Russian Federation to a qualitatively new level, which is corresponding to current forecasts of domestic & world power generation. Program of work involves the creation of modern experimental basis of energotechnological profile for natural tests and demonstration of the developed world level technologies, devices and materials, as well as training in new energy industry. Novelty of the formulated problems, which are corresponded to modern trends in global energetic, caused by the necessity of more efficient use of local energy resources, implementation of new technologies, materials and energy carriers, more efficient devices for generation, storage and transport energy as well as reducing the ecological burden on the environment. The decision and the practical implementation of complex tasks in the program will provide formation scientific and technological potential for the development of distributed energy systems, including power systems of the Far East, the Arctic zone, the North Caucasus, the Crimea and others, stimulating the growth of local industry, including small and medium businesses, and also the creation of additional jobs in the industry. Accelerated development of distributed energy systems with elements of smart energy will contribute to the growth of regional economies, technical upgrading in the energy sector and import substitution of high-tech energy equipment and components. Optimization of flow pattern around a vehicle by means of plasma formations both natural and artificial controlled by external electromagnetic fields is considered as one of the promising way to improve current and to develop new aerospace vehicles. Interest to these technologies is based on the feasibility to apply compact, inertia-free remote tools to modify flow structure at the places on interest by controlled momentum and power supply. This field of physics is now intensively studied in all developed countries since 1990th. The most popular directions of studies are: turbulent/laminar boundary layer characteristics and transition control; ignition and combustion control in high-speed combustion chambers; modification of shock-wave structure to reduce dynamic and heat loads of the vehicle, and, in turn, impact to vehicle trajectory. Of special interest are studies intended to change electrophysical parameters of plasma around the vehicle, which can be applied in radio physics. The research team, which works in these studies since 1990th, is currently one of the most productive researh groups in the world. Breakdown development mechanism in disperse environments aren't developed so far and still there is no finished theory of spreading of pulse currents. It depends on complexity of diagnostics of proceeding processes, a lack of experimental data and ambiguity of their interpretation. Research of mechanisms of appearance and formation of electric breakdown in soil is defined by improvement of systems of lightning protection and protection of the transmission system. Especially this problem is very important in regions with a high specific resistance of soil. Breakdown mechanisms in multiphase systems in the soil and the water, appearance of an electric breakdown and formation of extended plasma channels will be experimentally investigated under a big pulse current. To create a stable energy system is necessary to ensure reliable operation of its constituent parts. Distribution of large amounts of electrical energy used by a variety of high-voltage oil-filled electrical equipment (VMEO). Unfortunately, such devices in aging oil can fail, and the damage from tens to hundreds of times the cost of the equipment itself. To prevent such situations, you need to provide condition monitoring in real time. Due to the strong dependence of the viscosity on the temperature it is necessary to conduct research thermoviscous liquid. The research results will develop effective methods of on-line diagnostics, and create a model samples of equipment for online condition monitoring VMEO. The increase of the gas extraction ratio from condensate is an important task for gas industry. The formation of condensate jams takes place in gas fields and can be connected eith non-equilibrium processes in gas-condensate mixtures. The study of the possibility of controlled association of colloid quantum dots in clusters of prescribed structure is necessary for their deployment as photoactive elements in light-emitting diodes and new solar elements. The calculation of the matter properties on the warm dense regime is a current challenge for theory and computational methods. The progress in this field is hindered by the fact that the theory should describe dense non-ideal system with partially-degenerate and partially-classical electrons. The design of ICF systems requires data of this kind, including the deuterium plasma properties and equation of state of construction materials in warm dense matter state. Melting is a complex phenomenon that theory is still in the process of development. Melting temperatures at normal conditions are known from experiments. However the melting temperature dependence on pressure and the density jump are well known for light elements only. At the same time perspective systems for ICF, hydrogen energy sources, MHD-systems are not possible without the deployment of refractory materials. Thus the precise data on their melting are needed. In the recent years the rapid development of the computational capabilities give the possibilities for direct calculations of the equation of state and melting curves vie quantum molecular dynamics. In the last decade there is a considerable increase of interest in the material industry towards polymeric and composite materials including solar energy applications. The development of this field requires adequate theoretical models based on the hierarchy of elementary processes starting from the molecular level. A new integrated information-computing infrastructure is proposed to retrieve and distribute factual data on thermophysical properties of substances and compositions. This infrastructure will be able to integrate former heterogeneous information systems, to create methods of data generation for a broader list of substances and properties and to use capabilities of new information technologies for data integration and exchange with other information systems.

Expected results
Data will be obtained on the parameters of complex dielectric permeability of metals, alloys, and laminates at the state of non-equilibrium heating of electron and phonon subsystems in the wide range of electron (Te) and ion (Ti) temperatures. Data obtained will make it possible to understand the physics of quantum phenomena in strongly excited condensed phase of metals with complicated electron spectra (noble and transition metals). All the years of implementation of the Project the internet bank of data necessary for the quantitative modelling of processes proceeding at the ultrashort laser action will be updated year after year. As a result the bank of useful reference data will be created. Peculiarities of thermal radiation and luminescence of hot electrons in bulk targets and nanoparticles will be studied for the first time. Hot electrons exist at a picoseconds time scale in the bulk targets and nanoparticles illuminated by femtosecond laser pulse. We will study metals with complicated electron spectra (d-metals) and semiconductors. We will develop new theoretical models describing thermal radiation and luminescence from two-temperature states of matter. Characteristic times of ultrafast phase transitions occurring in anisotropic metals, alloys, and laminates under the action of femtosecond laser pulses will be measured. We will obtain new knowledge of physics of non-equilibrium states, negative pressures, two-temperature hydrodynamics, and theory of fragmentation and plastic behavior of solids. We will model the processes in extreme conditions which are very difficult to achieve experimentally. We will give data concerning behavior of construction materials at the limit of strength at extremely high deformation rates. We will develop new approaches to technologies development for creation of functional materials and surfaces with desired properties including optical parameters (emissivity) and thermophysical behavior (regulation of heat transfer). A new method of initiation of chemical transformations under the action of ultrashort shock waves will be developed. For the wide range of parameters, densities, temperatures, pressures and different radiation frequencies, the equations of state of the electron component and wide-range models of the optical and transport plasma properties will be build on the base of theoretical approaches and results of experiments. The different methods of electron acceleration to high energies with necessary to many applications properties will be investigated for different schemes of injection and further electron acceleration to ultra-relativistic energies in plasma channels and capillary waveguides. The obtained results can be applied to the hot dens matter investigations and modeling of the high density energy actions (laser radiation, electron and ion beams) to the matter in a wide range of temperatures and densities, that is practically important for such applications as cosmology, laser material treatment and control laser thermonuclear synthesis. The results will be an import step towards the compact laser wakefield accelerators of elementary particles, which can be used for generation of short X-ray impulses for researches in chemistry, biology, medicine, material science and for sterilization of foodstuffs. All planned results are on the highest world scientific level and shall be published in the leading russian and international journals. The possibility of the ultrahigh charging of dusty particles influenced by the electron beam with the energy up to 50 keV will be cleared up. The dependencies of the values of charges of dusty particles on their material and size, as well as on the energy of an electron beam, will be experimentally obtained. The start-up and adjustment work will be finished to launch the new experimental setup for the investigation of the electron-beam plasma and the hybrid RF plasma containing dusty particles. The system of control and maintenance of the gas composition in the reaction chamber of the setup will be adjusted and calibrated. Also the tuning of various operation modes of the electron beam (pulsed and continuous modes, space scanning mode, variation of the focal distance of the electron injector with the plasma cathode) will be checked. Preliminary data on the evaporation of the targets made of various materials and coating under the direct impact of electron beams will be obtained. The formation of strongly coupled Coulomb systems of diamagnetic dusty particles in a cusp magnetic trap will be studied in microgravity conditions. The basic and metastable conditions will be obtained. The mean charge of the particles and the magnetic susceptibility of their material will be experimentally found. The mathematical model of the physical processes in the electrostatic accelerator will be developed. The electrostatic accelerator of charged dusty grains will be developed. The grains will be charged by the electron beam with the energy up to 25 keV and the current up to 100 mA. The experimental and theoretical study of the physical processes in the electrostatic accelerator of the charged dusty particles will be carried out. The optimal material and size of dusty particles will be chosen for using them as the working substance in the advanced electrostatic rocket engine. The dependence of the magnitude of the charge acquired by the grain under the influence of the electron beam on the material of the particle, the energy and the current of the beam, will be studied experimentally. The interaction of the electron beam with the dusty plasma structure formed in RF-discharge will be studied. The dusty plasma structures will be obtained and studied in the electron-beam and hybrid RF-plasma. The features of the process of the sedimentation of the coatings on the dust particles during the evaporation of various targets with the electron beam in the electron-beam and hybrid RF-plasma will be studied. The numerical model of formation of ordered structures from the charged diamagnetic grains in the cusp trap will be developed. The transition of the Coulomb clusters from the two-dimensional to the three-dimensional structure with the increase of the number of grains in a cluster and with the change of the trap parameters will be studied. The possibility of formation of metastable states of clusters will be studied as well as the conditions for their formation. The excitation and decay of oscillations in strongly coupled Coulomb systems will be studied. The physical characteristics of the advanced electrostatic rocket engine based on the accelerator of the charged dusty particles will be studied experimentally and theoretically. The calculation of the energetic and tractional characteristics of the electrostatic rocket engine based on the accelerator of the charged dusty particles will be carried out. The influence of the screening of interparticle interaction, fluctuations of charge, the size and the mass of the particles, as well as the influence of the anisotropy of the field of the trap on the structure of clusters of the diamagnetic dust grains in the cusp magnetic trap will be studied. The influence of the characteristics of dusty particles, the electron-beam plasma and the hybrid RF plasma on the composition and structure of the coating layer will be determined. The samples of the disperse-composite materials with tailored composition and structure will be obtained. Great scientific and practical importance has the study of ultrahigh particle charging by the electron beam. Information about dependence of the charge, acquired by macroparticle under the action of the electron beam, on the material of the particles, current and the energy of electron beam, is necessary, in particular, for creating of an electrostatic rocket engine, based on the accelerator of the charged dust particles. Highly charged dust particles may be used in accelerators for modeling of micro-meteorites and conditions of existence of plasma in tokamaks, as well as in ion engines for acceleration of space objects. Formation and migration of dust in systems with high temperature plasma make substantial problems to the creation of a fusion reactor with magnetic confinement. Technologies of formation of a near-wall areas of tokamak together with emergency discharge quenching are among the most high-demanded in the operation of existing facilities and designing the next phase of installations, including ITER. Dust technology can open the door for solving the most complex problems in tokamak operation in modes with a long-life (thousands of seconds) discharges. Using of dust particles of micron size as deposition objects is the most promising in terms of development of technology of creation of new dispersed composite materials (DCM), as well as technology of controlled deposition and separation of dispersed particles (including ones of sub-micron sizes), etc. This project assumes obtaining the following results: - development of methods of pyrolitic and photolytic synthesis of the metal-carbon nanoparticles based on joint photolysis and pyrolysis of hydrocarbons and metal-bearing molecules with the subsequent condensation of supersaturated vapor of metal atoms and carbon radicals; - development of diagnostic methods of determination of the size, structure, and thermo-physical properties of being formed nanoparticles; - determination of kinetic mechanisms of formation of metal-carbon nanoparticles in a wide criteria range on temperature and pressure, and as in various gas diluters; - experimental determination of the size, compound, and structure of the metalcarbon nanoparticles which are forming at laser photolysis and pyrolysis; - development of new methods of continuous synthesis of metal-carbon nanoparticles, including, streams of nanoparticles in the form of jets for deposition of nanomaterials on various substrates and for study of interaction of nanoparticles with streams of high density of energy. Now when developing methods of synthesis of metal-carbon nanoparticles it isn't paid sufficient attention actually to mechanisms of their formation. At study of properties of the obtained final nanoparticles their general size, thickness of a carbon cover, phase structure, the magnetic moment, as a rule, is measured. At the same time, knowledge of growth kinetics as metal kernels, and formation of a carbon layer is necessary for control of these processes. Researches of optical and thermodynamic properties of metal-carbon nanoparticles are important also. These future results planned within this project, will be pioneer in the field as similar researches weren't performed earlier. The obtained results can have broad practical application when developing recommendations about use of the developed technologies for increase of production efficiency of products of catalytic synthesis in the chemical industry; by economy of energy resources when using hydrogen, as alternative fuel; at the solution of environmental problems of environmental pollution; for increase in labor productivity in agriculture at use of nano-powders as additives to food of pets and to fertilizers; and as in medicine for diagnostics and treatment of socially significant diseases. The project supposes to study kinetic and electrophysical properties of ultracold Li-7 and Ca-40 gases at free electrons initial energy E<0,01K. Speсial attention will be paid to study of condition when spatial structure will arise. Obtained results can give opportunity to control spatial and time characteristics of Rydberg atoms and ultracold plasma. In future we can form self- organizing structure from high excited atoms (Rydberg matter) and create components for quantum computers on this structure base. The proposed approaches and equipment are unique and allow us obtained world level scientific result. The possibilities of such studies are beginning to discuss in leading scientific centers abroad. The results of our research will be presented on international conferences and published in refereed journals. Compact and powerful neutron sources are in demand from medicine to materials science and non-destructive testing. However, no less important in the future is the use of nuclear fusion energy. Therefore, the first demonstration of uncontrolled thermonuclear synthesis in terrestrial conditions (explosion of a hydrogen bomb) has long haunted mankind, and for many decades and billions of dollars spent trying to control thermonuclear fusion (CTF) with the aim of obtaining cheap and virtually inexhaustible source of energy. The key point would be to achieve in a hot plasma point of breakeven” (break-even) (parameters of density and temperature), where the released fusion energy would be greater than the input to the system, i.e. Q = E fusion/ E input > 1. Deuterium and tritium are considered as traditional fuels for future fusion reactors. The advantage of energetics based on fusion, before the fission energy production is virtually unlimited supplies of raw materials. However, both fission and thermonuclear power engineering have a fundamental disadvantage - radioactive waste. Energy in fission reactions and in reactions of synthesis is produced with the participation of neutrons. Resulting from neutron irradiation is the activation of the fuel and structural elements. Therefore, as in the process of exploitation of these energy systems and after completion of the operation of these systems (after the establishment of a resource) requires the recycling of radioactive nuclear waste. In aneutronic fusion, type proton-boron, the problem of neutron activation is completely solved. Aneutronic synthesis allows to solve another problem is the environmental problem of today's powerful energy. It stems from the fact that any modern energetics uses the heat cycle under energy production. During the transition to aneutronic synthesis of these losses are absent, as is naturally realized (or rather, should be implemented in the future) direct conversion of the energy of alpha particles (reaction products of nuclear burning p - B11) into electricity. Implementation of the proposed studies will provide the groundwork for the deployment of the work in this direction, including the design of the ICF fusion reactor, where are absent or much less pronounced while badly struggling problems for present controlled fusion systems with both inertial and magnetic confinement. The project leads to the achievement of the following results: The processes of ultra intense polychromatic X-ray generation in solid matter irradiated by ultra-highcontrast laser pulses of 0.1-1 PW power are investigated experimentally. Characteristic and bremstrahlung radiation spectra of bulk and thin film solid targets interacted with intense laser radiation of 10^19-10^21 W/cm^2 intensity are measured for various experimental conditions. The creation of X-ray source with the intensity above 10^18 W/cm^2 in solid state plasma of optical PW laser pulses is justified both theoretically and experimentally. Numerical simulation of hollow atom X-ray spectra is done by the method of non-LTE radiation kinetics taking into account the effects of f hot electrons and X-ray photons. The features of nonlinear radiation processes and the intensity of X-ray radiation in relativistic plasmas are compared for the cases of picosecond and femtosecond sub-PW lasers, as well as of X-ray free electron lasers The extreme states of matter dominated by radiative processes are studied with use of PW-plasmabased ultra intense polychromatic X-ray radiation. The method is developed to interpret X-ray spectra observed for radiation dominated astrophysical objects. The simulation method of relativistic potential to calculate the energies, wavelengths, probabilities of radiation and autoionization transitions in hollow atoms is developed supporting the configurations with double K-shell vacancies as well as ones with K-shell and L-shell vacancies appeared together. Ray-tracing simulation code is developed for the case of crystal-based spectrometers allowing quantitative measurements on the intensity of X-ray spectra components radiated by laser plasma sources. The spatially-resolving method to measure coherent and spectral properties of laser plasma radiation is developed based on numerical simulation of diffraction patterns formed due to the radiation propagation through test objects. The approach to generate betatron x-ray radiation in the interaction of ultra intense femtosecond laser pulses with gaseous and gas-cluster-mixture media is improved. The spectral features of laser satellites to X-ray spectral lines radiated by relativistic laser plasma is analyzed. The method to diagnose non-linear x-ray radiation processes in relativistic laser plasma is developed. Supersonic nozzles are designed providing the creation of gas clusters of particular geometry and concentration. The nozzles are suitable to provide the clusters of atomic and molecular-atomic mixture (such as He+CO2, H+CO2) gases with the presumed concentration and dimensions from few tens of nm to few micrometer. Non-linear effects in relativistic plasma causing the alteration of the intensity and spectral composition of X-ray radiation are investigated experimentally for the case of clustered and nanostructured targets irradiated by sub-PW and PW laser pulses. Nanostructured and gas-cluster targets of various configuration, typical dimensions and chemical composition are studied in the interaction with femtosecond laser pulses of relativistic intensities of up to 10^21 W/cm2. The optimal conditions for effective generation of ultra-intense x-ray radiation are found. Generation of an intense X-radiation due to Compton scattering of powerful femtosecond laser pulse at laser-accelerated relativistic electrons is investigated experimentally, the parameters of the X-ray source are measured. The angular distribution and coherency properties of X-ray radiation from relativistic femtosecond laser plasma of gaseous and gas-cluster targets radiated are measured The approaches for application of plasma-based ultra intense polychromatic X-ray source are introduced and tested. They are particularly aimed to the topics of radiography of ultra-fast processes and short-lived object, inertial confinement fusion, high energy density physics studies, laboratory astrophysics, precision material modification. For the first time, the functional dependence of specific internal energy and resistivity of liquid carbon on density and pressure will be measured in the density range from the melting curve down to values 3 - 5 times lower and at pressures of 2 - 7 GPa. Based on these data, for the first time will be verified experimentally the existence in this region of states the predicted by many authors phase transition liquid I – liquid II and if it exists, then the relation between this transition and the liquid-vapor and metal-nonmetal transition will be revealed. The data on the thermodynamic functions and resistivity of liquid carbon which will be obtained can be used for the following applications: the safety problems of the nuclear reactors, in which graphite is used; developing of supersonic aircrafts in which the carbon is used for manufacturing the nozzles; for optimizing the processes such as growth of diamond from graphite, production of amorphous carbon and laser machining of graphite. During the project implementation, scientific results on the following interrelated directions are expected: Revelation of universal characteristics and systematic features in the behavior of thermal and electrical properties of matter at extreme parameters, based on an analysis and generalization of available experimental data. In this direction, it is planned to formulate and validate a number of hypotheses, including: - about the universality of the phonon-roton spectrum of collective excitations in the disordered condensed phase of matter using general results of the statistical theory for the Coulomb model of matter and numerical simulation results for various materials; - about the cohesion phenomenon for the gas phase in the vicinity of the critical point, based on the use of scaling relations for thermal properties of matter in the near-critical region of parameters; - about the universality of the liquid-liquid phase transition with an abrupt change in the conductivity using general results of the statistical theory for the Coulomb model of matter and numerical simulation results. Based on the analysis of available information on the results of dynamic experiments on the study of extreme states, it is planned to identify the features of Hugoniot curves and the possible existence of metastable states; Experimental study of the metal-dielectric transition and phase transitions at extreme parameters, including the near-critical region, based on the available experimental setup for pulsed heating of the samples under study by electric current. In this direction, the following results are expected: - development of a technique and a novel installation for reliable determination of the parameters of phase transitions and the metal-dielectric transition, based on generation of a current pulse with a steep trailing edge; - performance of experiments for aluminum, iron, and tungsten at extreme parameters; - construction, based on the performed experiments, of the equilibrium line of the liquid-vapor phase transition, and other detected first-order phase transition, determination of the relation between the metalnonmetal transition and detected phase transitions for aluminum, iron, and tungsten at extreme parameters; Computational and theoretical study of thermal and electrical properties of matter in a wide range of parameters, including that at extreme parameters, based on the microscopic model of localized and delocalized electrons. In this direction, the following results are expected: - validation of the microscopic model of localized and delocalized electrons using the Coulomb model of matter and the adiabatic approximation for the subsystem of nuclei; - computational and theoretical study of the electronic structure of matter in the static field of nuclei using the density functional and density matrix theories; cell, Hartree-Fock, and LCAO methods at extreme parameters. On this basis, it is planned to determine qualitative changes in the electronic structure of matter at extreme parameters; - computational and theoretical study of the effective efficient interaction potential of nuclei (atoms, ions) as the potential defined in terms of the direct Coulomb interaction of nuclei and the indirect interaction via electrons, defined by the average energy of the electronic subsystem in the static field of nuclei. On this basis, it is planned to determine qualitative changes in the effective interaction potential of nuclei (atoms, ions) of matter at extreme parameters; - computational and theoretical study of the structure factors of matter in a wide range of parameters, including that at extreme parameters, based on the obtained results on the electronic structure and the effective interaction potential of nuclei (atoms, ions) using integral equations for the pair correlation function. On this basis, it is planned to determine qualitative changes in the structure factors of matter at extreme parameters; - computational and theoretical study of the thermodynamic properties of matter in a wide range of parameters, including that at extreme parameters, based on the obtained results on the electronic structure and the effective interaction potential of nuclei (atoms, ions), using the cell, generalized chemical, and average atom model, integral equations for the pair correlation function, and the Monte Carlo method. On this basis, it is planned to determine qualitative changes in the thermodynamic properties of matter at extreme parameters, leading to phase transitions, including the near-critical region of parameters; - computational and theoretical study of electrical properties of matter in a wide range of parameters, including that at extreme parameters, based on the obtained results on the electronic structure and the effective interaction potential of nuclei (atoms, ions) using the linear response theory, kinetic equation method, and relaxation-time approximation. On this basis, it is planned to determine qualitative changes in electrical properties of matter at extreme parameters, leading to the metal-dielectric transition; - calculation of the parameters of critical points of metals based on the gas-liquid equation of state using the hypotheses about the role of cohesion in the near-critical region; Based on the results of the studies, it is planned to establish the correspondence between computational and theoretical and experimental data, including the parameters of phase transformations and the metaldielectric transition, critical parameters, and the dependences of thermal and electrical properties of matter on pressure and temperature at extreme parameters. The level of the expected results is comparable to the world level; on a number of issues, it surpasses similar foreign developments in the field under consideration. The expected results of the project are essential for extending the fundamental concepts on matter, including those in astrophysical and geophysical studies and for developing new structural materials, including those for nuclear power engineering. It is planned to publish the results of the studies during the project execution as a series of papers in international and Russian scientific journals. Based on the results of the studies, it is planned to write a monograph. Mathematical model that describes microparticles behavior in a electrodynamic traps in different gas medium at normal pressure will be developed. Results of theoretical and experimental investigations will give the physical principles and mechanisms for controlling the microparticles behavior with strong Coulomb interaction in the gas medium at atmospheric pressure in altering electrical fields. The properties microparticle Coulomb structures, reaction of these structures on external factors such as pulsed electric fields, sound or ultrasonic waves, gas flows as well as the possibility of selective microparticle capture from a gas flows at high pressures of gas medium will be investigated. Focus of this program is to study the conditions for formation of ordered structures of charged microparticles and their properties, as well as the possibility to control the microparticles behavior in electric fields in gas medium at atmospheric pressure. Results of this work will add not only to better understanding of physical processes in strongly interacting charged microparticles in external electric fields, but also will have wide practical applications such as creation of near-wall protection layers from dust particles, removal of microparticles in nuclear fusion devices, methods for gas cleaning from radioactive dust, as well as creating new sources of electrical energy based on the direct conversion of nuclear energy to electricity by using the ordered structures of radioactive microparticles in nuclear batteries. It is expected that for a quark-gluon plasma this approach will allow not only to reproduce results of strict extremely difficult and long calculations of the lattice chromodynamics, but also to obtain reliable results when "the lattice" calculations are impossible. For example, the equation of states, an internal energy and entropy will be calculated both for zero and nonzero baryon chemical potential. For the analysis of physical states of quark-gluon plasma the pair correlative functions will be calculated. The diffusion constant and shift viscosity will be calculated at distinct from zero values of chemical baryon potential, in conditions when "the lattice" calculations failed. These results are important for analysis of a state of quark – gluon plasma and physical phenomena at temperatures about 100 - 500 MeV arising at collision of the ultrarelativistic ions on accelerators. The thermodynamic and transport properties of electron gas at finite temperature play a key role for dense plasmas and warm dense matter. Only recently, ‘fixed -node path integral” Monte Carlo (RPIMC) results have been published. However the accuracy of these RPIMC data is unknown due to the uncontrolled approximations used in this approach to overcome the “fermion sign problem”. Approach suggested in this project do not use additional approximations and our results expected to show strong deviations at high density. Extensive simulation will be done to clarify the property of electron gas at finite temperature and to calculate full and correlation energy as well as the pair correlative functions. New experimental data on the thermophysical properties of the refractory materials (carbides of heavy metals, mixtures of carbides and graphite) in solid and liquid phase, such as: specific enthalpy, the specific heat, electrical resistivity, density, melting heat, volume change upon melting, melting point - at heating rates 106–108 K / s will be obtained. The results of calculations of thermodynamic and optical characteristics of plasma of chemical elements (metals, carbon, silicon, etc.) and their mixtures (alloys, chemical compounds) at high energy densities within the framework of the quantum-mechanical models of Thomas-Fermi, Hartree-Fock-Slater theories and others will be presented. New models of the equations of state of various materials in a wide range of pressures and temperatures, which are in a good agreement with the results of quantum-mechanical calculations and the experimental data at high energy densities will be developed. New physical and mathematical models of behavior of materials in the processes under shock wave, laser and beam exposure, as well as under the electrical explosion by a high-power current pulse will be presented. New information about the characteristics of heat transfer in the flow of liquid metal and molten salt in an extended range of operating parameters is expected as well as computer codes for calculation of the heat conductive media in the real range of operational parameters of the tokamak TIN verified using new experimental data . The values of dynamic strength and determinative relations for the calculation of cavitations phenomena in melts of metals and salts in a wide range of pulse durations of exposure at different temperatures. New experimental data on thermophysical properties of graphite, zirconium carbide, silicon carbide and tantalum carbide at extremely high temperatures are expected. The results of experimental studies of the effect of sound-absorbing elements on the evolution of the flame speed in hydrogen-air mixtures, mathematical model of the phenomena and optimized waves suppression system with given initial conditions for concentration and thermodynamic parameters. Experimental data on the effect of micro-atomizing of water and steam at critical conditions of propagation in free and partially restricted gas charges. The methodological support of the planned activities corresponds or exceeds the world level and the expected results of studies in many cases will be unique. Execution of works under the project will contribute to the modernization and development of the experimental capacities of JIHT RAS, and will provide significant increase in the basic knowledge in the field of Thermophysics and mechanics necessary for the new energy. The results obtained will allow to: -develop new types of energy sources, storage devices, energy carriers which will enhance the quality and reliability of power supply in the central and autonomous power systems, reduce the non-uniformity of the graphs of power consumption and minimize the cost of transportation and distribution of energy; -create and validate technologies for efficient ecological and economical usage of the renewable energy sources, especially where solar energy widely available in the local and centralized energy systems, taking into account the climatic, technical and economic characteristics of the regions, and energy consumers; - establish the scientific basis of new technologies to improve the efficiency of extraction of fossil fuels from small and low-rate natural gas fields and adapt them to the local power grids. The research will be resulted in the new mathematical models development and computations for: super-fast detonative propagation of the optical breakdown waves through transparent dielectrics; radiation-induced ignition and propagation of the combustion and detonation waves through gas-suspensions. It will allow prognosis of the fibers behavior under intense fluxes of laser radiation and recommendations to increase the resistance of optical networks. The detonation concentration limits will be estimated for gaseous mixtures with suspended micro particles. The optimal regimes of gaseous flows will be determined for efficient implantation of the micro particles on the substrate. Development and creation of the generator of clusters on the basis of the microwave discharge will be done. Development of the physical and mathematical model of evaporation of metal particles and formation of clusters in a gas flow will be done. Development of a numerical code and carrying out a numerical simulation of clusters formation will be done. Special features of discharge physics in high-speed flows generalized as advanced physical and computational models for several kinds of discharge such as glow discharge, corona discharge, pulsed periodic discharge, volumetric and surface barrier discharge, arc discharge will be presented. Generation of compact plasma formations in high-speed flows and processes of formation of plasma regions with significant electric space charge density; its role in interacting of plasma formations with main stream flow will be studied. It is planned to adapt physical and computational models to be developed to the conditions of laboratory experiments. These models and data both theoretical and experimental should be thoroughly verified and should be readily applicable to full-scale experiments and to flight conditions. Physical and chemical computational models on the plasma formation around a vehicle under conditions of the surface ablation will be developed. Transition of diffuse-mode of electric discharge to the constriction one in high-speed flow will be studied. Energy conversion and momentum exchange in high-speed flows in the presence of magnetic field will be studied. The features of evolution of plasma formations controlled by external electromagnetic fields in their interaction with high-speed non-ionized flow will be obtained. Changes in mainstream flow structure induced by external field impact will be found. Integral impact characteristics and control algorithms will be presented. Reliable quantification models for controlled ignition and combustion of fuels in high-speed combustion chambers with different methods of plasma generation subject to external electric and magnetic fields will be shown. Characteristics of electromagnetic radiation - plasma formations interaction near the vehicle surface under laboratory conditions and searching for feasibilities to create "radio transparency windows" at flight conditions will be found. The practical value of the new technologies of such kind is determined by feasibility of dramatic improvement in flight characteristics of prospective vehicles. Our research team works in close contact with the leading groups in Russia and developed countries. During the previous study our group demonstrated the high level of work, which satisfies to the strictest criteria. Intermediate and final results of the proposed work will be published in the proceedings included in the databases like "Web of Sciences" and "Scopus". It is assumed that not less than 30 papers will be published for the program period. Experimental data about processes of nonlinear spreading of pulse currents in soil of various structure and conductivity in laboratory and field conditions for single electrodes in the form of a sphere or a rod will be obtained. Criteria developments of instability and formation of plasma channels from intensity of electric field, conductivity of soil and density of proceeding current will be obtained. Conditions of breakdown of quartz sand in laboratory will be investigated. Sparking processes from a single electrode will be investigated. Experimental data about dynamics of currents and voltages, video registration data of a luminescence near electrodes in gas bubbles allowing to understand the main mechanisms of appearence of an arc stage of the electric channel in water and spirit water will be obtained. The mechanism of education and development of the plasma channel will be offered. Distributions of pulse current in real soil will be received at long distances between the grounded electrodes (to 10 m) with an amplitude of impulses of voltage of 1-2 МV. Pulse resistance will be determined depending on parameters of proceeding currents. Creating an experimental stand for the study of the plasma streams properties and the testing of low-temperature plasma generators. The development of powerful and reliable low-temperature plasma generators (air, nitrogen, argon) with divergent channel of the output electrode, demand for scientific and industrial applications. Designing and creating an experimental setup for the electrical and optical testing of transformer oil and the prototype of the explosion-proof oil-filled autotransformer with voltages of 220/110 kV. The results of studies on electrical breakdown of dielectric liquids and two-phase media. Development of methods for the protection of oil-filled high-voltage equipment based on damping materials and (or) the use of two-phase media. Physical-mathematical model of thermoviscous fluid will be developed. Equipment layout for an online diagnostic VMEO will be presented. A sample of current-limiting devices based on the explosive opening switch for voltage classes up to 110 kV will be presented. Microscopic models for electrical breakdown and conductivity restoration in high-voltage insulation materials, transformer oils mainly. These data can explain the microscopic origins of the breakdown and help to increase the durability of transformers. Approaches for phase diagram determination in porous media based on atomistic simulation approaches and studies of non-equilibrium phase transitions in hydrocarbon mixtures. Data on structure of gas hydrates of methane and hydrogen, mechanisms and kinetics of their formation and gas diffusion in them. Data of the influence of different types of defects in the monolayers of alkantiols on their perspicacity with respect to ionic liquid with redox-active components. The results can be applied to the optimization of heterogeneous processes in Gretzel solar cells, electron recombination inhibition including. Free energy profiles and energy barriers of absorption of O2 and Li+ at their motion towards the graphene layers, graphene edges (including chemically modified edges), graphene stacks, CNT surfaces of various diameters in different types of electrolytes. These data will be used for recommendations on the structural design of highly efficient cathodes based on carbon materials for Li-air batteries. Data on the rates and diffusion mechanisms of impurities in the corundum crystal lattice and its surface segregation on various crystallographic planes and the dependence on the ion valency and size. Recommendations for optimization of the high purity alumina extraction as a material for the light diodes substrates. Data on clusterisation kinetics and structure of colloid quantum dots clusters in solutions and the dependences on various factors (solvent concentration, number density of different types of quantum dots in solution, length and liophility of ligands). Deuterium plasma properties in the region of metal-dielectric transition. Properties of warm dense metals for the application in complex models for internal confinement fusion systems. Development of a new computational method for simulation of warm dense matter based on the wave packet representation of electrons. The corresponding simulation software will be an important instrument both for studying the fundamental properties of matter at extreme conditions and for solving some practical problems. The software will be tested in application to the urgent problems of the dense plasma physics, nanoparticle physics and to other important tasks. Calculations of the thermodynamics properties of solids and the melting curves in wide ranges of pressures for selected metals (including W, Zr and Nb), for graphite and diamond, for oxides (Al2O3, ZrO2 and UO2), carbides and nitrides (ZrC, B4C, BN) that have wide use in technology energy applications including. The methodology for the multiscale modelling and simulation of formation and fracture of polymer and nanocomposite materials. The algorithms for the coarse-grained model creation for polymeric systems and the corresponding interparticle interaction potentials. The information-computing infrastructure developed in course of the project should be at the level of the best world scientific centers for thermophysical data. Significance of proposed solutions is determined by a great demand for numerical data from the science and industry provided that these data can be converted to the form suitable for computational problems. The feature of the thermodynamical and thermophysical data is that they can be used in various branches of knowledge such as chemistry, physics, material science, geology, astronomy, etc. The other problem that is specific for thermophysical data is that the corresponding publications are scattered in various branches of the literature (physics, chemistry, power and cryogenic engineering, etc.) which indicates a great importance of the considered problem.

Annotation of the results obtained in 2018
The RK-3 loop (HEattransfer Liquid Metal Experimental Facility (HELMEF)) was created for experimental research of promising coolants heat transfer characteristics under the conditions close to the TOKAMAK reactor. Experimental results on liquid metal temperature fluctuations and temperature distribution fields were obtained in the range of parameters: Re = (6-30)·10^3; Ha = 0-1300; Gr = (0.5-1.4)·10^8. For the first time, the viscosity of the shock-compressed eutectic melt Bi – 56.5%, Pb – 43.5%, as well as the spall strength of Bi – Pb alloy C13 in the molten state have been measured. It has been found that in the pressure range from 3 to 32 GPa, the melt viscosity coefficient increases by 3-4 orders of magnitude in compression compared to standard measurements at atmospheric pressure, and its spall strength decreases as a result of melting by almost an order of magnitude. A technology has been developed for producing ZrC and TaC for compositions in the homogeneity domain (solid solution) with a density above 0.85 of the theoretical one. Melting behavior of SiC at gas pressures of the 1-200 MPa was studied. New methods have been developed for measuring thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, and spectral emissivity at temperatures up to 3500 K, the corresponding data for ZrC and TaC and graphite POCO AXM-5Q have been obtained. A significant scatter in the acceleration of the flame under constant initial conditions, caused by the instability of the flame front, was found. A method for suppressing instability and acceleration of the flame is proposed. A differential model with heat absorption and variable value of the combustion products expansion ratio was created. Experimental samples of hydrogen steam generators, developed with respect to new technical solutions were created. The results of experimental investigations of steam generation process were obtained. On the base of the developed numerical model the results of modeling were obtained. The recommendations for test samples of hydrogen steam generators of various capacity levels development for use in centralized or distributed power systems. An experimental sample of an unpackaged air-aluminum element was developed, with an electrolyte supply and internal circulation system; Tested unpackaged air-aluminum electrochemical cells and battery based on them. In a cylindrical package-less element, the energy intensity of the electrolyte of air-aluminum elements increased by 10-15% due to the optimization of the concentration and feed rate of the corrective electrolyte; From the experimental data, it follows that it was possible to reduce by 5-10% the energy consumption for auxiliary needs of a battery with packageless elements, due to the rejection of the forced circulation of electrolyte. Research of the resource stability of the developed activated carbons is carried out. The results confirming stability of the stated characteristics of supercapacitors throughout more than 1 million cycles are received. The technical and economic analysis of the created technology is carried out and competitive advantages of the developed materials are shown. The impact on efficiency of methane hydrate synthesis have been studying, depending on different parameters : the ratio of liquid and gaseous phases, methane pressure, additional freeze temperature, introduction of physical additives into the system, cooling rate. Several experimental plants for the production of methane hydrate. The developed mathematical model of the filtration was supplemented by taking into account nonequilibrium processes. The influence of the phase transition time on the filtration process was studied. Calculations for the gas-condensate system under free-volume conditions were carried out. Experiments with a model gas-condensate mixture in a wide range of thermodynamic parameters were run. The relaxation time of the mixture for the experimental conditions were calculated. Comparative analysis for different electric energy storage systems types was carried out with grid-tie PV park frequency regulation and power/load shift as target niches. Lithium-nanotitanate based batteries are shown to be the most prospective technical solution for both niches. The end-user financial loads for their application were estimated and electric schemes were proposed. Dynamic simulation of grid-tie PV park in Kosh-Agach for 2015 was conducted. Results were used to validate model by comparison with observed PV park operation for this period. New data were obtained on the yield stress, shear stress and tensile strength of titanium diboride at extremely high strain rate of ~ 10^9 s^-1 near a value of ultimate strength. A functional silicon surface with super-hydrophilic properties and a shifted Leidenfrost temperature was created using femtosecond laser processing. The twice increase in microhardness of highly oriented pyrographite due to modification of a structure of superficial layer after exposure to femtosecond laser pulses of moderate intensity has been implemented. Using the method of quantum statistical operator and the linear response theory, models of thermoelectric transport coefficients for a two-temperature laser-produced plasmas are constructed. The process of generation of electron bunches in the interaction of a laser pulse of ultrarelativistic intensity with a semibounded plasma is investigated. A numerical simulation of the electron acceleration in the wake plasma fields of a short laser pulse and a bunch of relativistic protons was carried out, and the statistical characteristics of a bunch of accelerated electrons were determined. The kinetic mechanisms of the formation of iron-carbon and molybdenum-carbon nanoparticles during the photolysis and pyrolysis of gaseous precursors are analyzed. Practical recommendations on methods and technological schemes for the synthesis of metal-carbon nanoparticles with desired properties were developed. The important properties of iron-carbon nanoparticles such as evaporation temperature, absorption coefficient of laser radiation, accommodation coefficient of thermal energy of argon molecules on the surface of nanoparticles are measured. The experimental setup for study the kinetic and structural properties of a strongly nonideal Ca-40 plasma has been created. The calculations by the molecular dynamics method of electric current in an ultracold strongly interacting plasma are performed. The diffusion coefficients of electrons in an ultracold plasma in strong magnetic fields are calculated for the first time by the molecular dynamics method. The results of a detailed 2D numerical simulation of the burning of promising proton - boron nuclear fuel (р + 11В --> a + 8Be∗ --> 3a) have indicated the possibility of aneutronic synthesis of p + 11B in the selected design of the new experiment. Recently, in the pilot experiments on the synthesis of p + 11B, the first α-particles were registered, which opens the way to a systematic study of aneutronic synthesis in the IEC scheme based on NVD. The physical characteristics of an accelerator of charged dust particles were experimentally and theoretically studied, and they were selected by size and material for use as the working medium of a prospective electrostatic engine. The effect of plasma flows on targets made of various substances, including the influence of the characteristics of dust particulates in electron-beam and hybrid RF plasma on the composition and morphology of their surface, was studied. DKM samples were obtained from particulates with a given structure and surface composition. The effect of interparticle interaction screening, charge fluctuations, particle sizes, mass of particles, as well as the effect of anisotropy of the trap field on the structure of clusters of diamagnetic dust particles in an anti-microbotron magnetic trap are studied. Numerical and experimental studies have been carried out on the principal possibility of obtaining and practical application of structures of charged particles in a plasma medium at atmospheric pressure and in a gas flow. The retention region of charged microparticles in such traps was determined as a function of its geometry, intensity and frequency of the alternating field, and the corona discharge current; charge, size of microparticles; as well as the flow rate of the gas. A new approach has been developed for calculating the thermodynamic properties of non-ideal fermion systems, which makes it possible to avoid the “sign problem” that has been well-known for several decades. The approach is based on the Wigner formulation of quantum mechanics, and can be used when analytical approximations based on different types of perturbation theory are not applicable. Parameters of X-ray source and electron currents in solid dense plasma under interaction of ultra-relativistic laser radiation of ~1e21 W/cm^2 intensty are measured. Further optimizing approaches and practical applications of the source are determined. The extreme states of matter under the impact of ultra-intense laser plasma X-ray source are studied. The method of X-ray radiography is developed capable to distinguish low-contrast dynamic phenomena in supersonic plasma flows with submicron resolution. For the first time, the values of the heat capacity, sound velocity and Grüneisen coefficient have been determined for the solid and liquid phase of carbon in the vicinity of the graphite melting line. It has been found that in liquid carbon the velocity of sound increases with decreasing density (on an isobar), which confirms the theoretical predictions of a smooth change in the covalent bonding in this liquid from the planar to spatial one. The properties of the substance are considered on the basis of the Coulomb model and applied to the dielectric constant of helium exhibiting electrical activity in the terahertz region. The restrictions of the density functional method, considered as a theorem, following from first principles is shown. The problem of the equilibrium spectral density of radiation of a degenerate metal plasma is solved. The instability of the Jeans type in a two-charge "gravitating plasma" is investigated. An analysis is fulfilled and a comparison is performed of obtained results with known data; additional investigations of refractory materials at high rates of heating at high temperatures and pressures of surrounding gas up to 10 kbar is made. Thermodynamic and optical characteristics of plasmas of iron and its mixture with silicon at high pressures are obtained in the framework of quantum-mechanical models. Equations of state of iron and its mixture with silicon are constructed with taking into account new quantum-mechanical calculation results and experimental data. A three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic model is proposed. The complex nature of changes in the crystal-liquid phase transition of a large three-dimensional dusty plasma system has been revealed. The Helmholtz free energy is found for the liquid and crystalline phases of dusty systems with a power-law interaction. The position of the crystallization line of dipole liquids is determined. Dispersion relations of longitudinal and transverse dust-acoustic modes, as well as high-frequency shear moduli and velocities of dust sound in the liquid and solid phases are obtained. The self-diffusion coefficient was calculated for Debye liquids near the crystallization line. The relationship between statistical entropy and the Lyapunov index for models of a plasma-dust system has been obtained. The development of the Desmos supercomputer was conducted. Studies have been conducted on the optimal configuration of a parallel file system. In September 2018, the new edition of the list of Top 50 most productive supercomputers in Russia and the CIS countries. This is the first system in the list, fully based on high-performance Russian interconnect. The scientific and technical links established between the JIHT RAS and the developer of the Angara network, JSC NICEVT, established as part of the project, significantly accelerated the development of the JIHT supercomputer infrastructure. Students of MIEM NRU HSE are involved in relevant works in the field of computer and information technologies. At the same time, computer modeling work was actively developed. The students and graduate students of MIPT participated in these works. The work of the postgraduate student of the FEFM MIPT, N. D. Kondratyuk, won second place in an international industrial competition for modeling the properties of liquids. The information in the thermodynamic properties of individual substances “IVTANTERMO”, developed in the Thermocentre of the JIHT RAS, has been substantially refined and expanded. The technology of storing and presenting information has been updated, as well as extensive analytical work has been carried out to refine the data based on the results of recent experiments, including those conducted in the framework of the project. New data were obtained for uranium dioxide, which is currently the main type of nuclear fuel, the properties of compounds of rare-earth elements, and the structure of complex molecules. In 2018 year there has been obtained the expected result, which has the great importance for the fundamental and applied tasks, namely the model for calculations of the thermophysical properties of the low-temperature Ta plasma. The results of numerical simulation of the dynamics of the pulsed discharges development have made it possible to reveal the role of various mechanisms of electron generation ahead of the front of the ionization wave that forms the discharge. high-performance 3D aerodynamics code has been upgraded to be ~10 times more efficient in comparison with the previous version; upgraded “PlasmAero” code predicted a possibility to reach the high-enthalpy flow in ground-based experimental facility for investigation of hypersonic flows. Influence of the ramp heating on the mechanisms which cause the low freaquency motion of the separation region was measured, and it was found that mass flux driven mechanism dominates over the other causes of the low frequency motion. A numerical algorithm was created and tested. It was used to carry out numerical simulations of the weakly conducting dielectric motion in an external electric field taking into account the influence of a space charge. Patterns of microparticles behavior in reacting flows are determined and effectiveness of different combustion regimes for generation of directed microparticles flow is estimated. The problem hydrodynamic stability and heat and mass transfer characteristics of a thermoviscous fluid are solved. In terms of the study of a pulsed electric discharge in single-phase and two-phase conducting media, the expected results were obtained in full, new fundamental results were obtained, which can be used in the development of plasma methods for purifying water from alcohol contamination. In terms of the study of a pulsed electric discharge in single-phase and two-phase conducting media, the goals were achieved: the effect of surfactants on the thermal breakdown mechanism was studied. Electrophysical properties of the soil in the field conditions were mesuared with the flow of a lightning current pulse, the effect of reduce in half of the resistance of the soil was shown. The optimization of the transformer construction been performed by moving the point of attachment to the external radiator. As a result, average temperature decreased by 3 degrees. The 3D flow of argon plasma around a carbon specimen of heat shield was simulated. The difference between the computed and experimental values of the mass loss rate was found to be within the experimental uncertainty. Electrophysical and thermal characteristics of a low-temperature plasma generator were studied. Evolution of hall thruster plasma from ignition till steady-state was calculated, particle's distribution functions and plasma instabilities (causing "anomalous" transport) were analyzed. A promising idea of the deep limitation of current voltages of 110 kV was confirmed through the use of a high-speed current-limiting device.

Publications

1. A .I. Sсhastlivtsеv, V .I. Borzеnko Experimental study of the processes in high-temperature hydrogen-oxygen air heater Journal of Physics: Conference Series, - (year - 2019)

2. A I Krikunova, A S Saveliev and E E Son Negativly streched premixed flames Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2018 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 946 012067 (year - 2018) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/946/1/012067

3. A N Bocharov, V A Bityurin, N M Evstigneev, V E Fortov, N N Golovin, V P Petrovskiy, O I Ryabkov, I O Teplyakov, A A Shustov and Yu S Solomonov On the calculation of dynamic and heat loads on a three-dimensional body in a hypersonic flow Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2018 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 946 012162 (year - 2018)

4. A. I. Schastlivtsev, V. I. Borzenko Investigation of the distribution of heat fluxes in the combustion chamber of a hydrogen-oxygen steam generator Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, 1128 (2018) 012077 (year - 2018) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1128/1/012077

5. A. Zhuk, E. Buzoverov The Impact of Electric Vehicles on the Outlook of Future Energy System. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 315 (2018) 012032 (year - 2018) https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/315/1/012032

6. Alkhasova D. A, Sokotushchenko V. N., Torchinsky V. M., Zaichenko V. M. Peculiarities of Excitation of Self-Oscillations in Geological Systems Journal of Physics: Conference Series, - (year - 2019)

7. Andreev N.E., Baranov V.E. Loading effect in the laser wakefield acceleration 2018 International Conference Laser Optics, с. 236 (year - 2018) https://doi.org/10.1109/LO.2018.8435722

8. Aristova N.M., Belov G.V., Morozov I.V., Sineva M.A. Термодинамические свойства диоксида урана в конденсированном состоянии High Temperature, vol. 56, No. 5, pp. 652-661 (year - 2018) https://doi.org/10.1134/S0018151X18040028

9. Ashitkov S. I., Komarov P. S., Struleva E. V. Mechanical Properties of Titanium Diboride Films under the Impact of Picosecond Shock Loads High Temperature, Том 56, (6) стр 938–940. (year - 2018) https://doi.org/10.1134/S0018151X18060056

10. Ashitkov S. I., Komarov P. S., Struleva E. V., Agranat M.B. Titanium Resistance to Deformation Near the Theoretical Strength Limit High Temperature, Том 56, (6) стр 873–877 (year - 2018) https://doi.org/10.1134/S0018151X18060044

11. B A Balakirev, V A Bityurin, A N Bocharov, V G Brovkin, P V Vedenin, I Ch Mashek, A S Pashchina, A Yu Pervov, V P Petrovskiy, N M Ryazanskiy and O Yu Shkatov Propagation of microwave radiation through an inhomogeneous plasma layer in a magnetic field Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 946 (2018) 012164 (year - 2018) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/946/1/012164

12. B A Balakirev, V A Bityurin, A N Bocharov, V G Brovkin, P V Vedenin, V A Lashkov, I Ch Mashek, A S Pashchina, V P Petrovskiy, R S Khoronzhuk and A S Dobrovolskaya Supersonic plasma jets in experiments for radiophysical testing of bodies flow Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 946 (2018) 012163 (year - 2018) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/946/1/012163

13. B M Smirnov Collision and radiative processes in emission of atmospheric carbon dioxide J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 51 (2018) 214004 (11pp) (year - 2018) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aabac6

14. B.M. Smirnov ИЗЛУЧЕНИЕ СЛОЯ ГАЗА НАД ГОРЯЧЕЙ ПОВЕРХНОСТЬЮ ЖЭТФ, 2018, том 153, вып. 4, стр. 538–550 (year - 2018) https://doi.org/10.7868/S0044451018040028

15. Babaeva N.Yu., Naidis G.V. Modeling of Plasmas for Biomedicine Trends in Biotechnology, 2018, Vol. 36, No. 6 (year - 2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.06.017

16. Belyaev I.A., Biryukov D.A., Belavina E.A., Sviridov V.G. Experimental study of molten salt mixed convection in a pipe affected by transverse magnetic field MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS, - (year - 2019)

17. Belyaev I.A., Biryukov D.A., Sardov P.A., Razuvanov N.G., Sviridov E.V., Sviridov V.G. Temperature fluctuations in a MHD flow of a liquid metal in a vertical hot pipe Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1128 012008 (year - 2018) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1128/1/012008

18. Bobrov A.A., Bronin S.Y., Zelener B.B., Zelener B.V. Electrical current and conductivity in ultracold plasma: Study by molecular dynamics method Journal of Physics: Conference Series, - (year - 2018)

19. Bobrov V.B., Trigger S.A. Конденсат Бозе-Эйнштейна и особенности частотной дисперсии диэлектрической проницаемости неупорядоченной кулоновской системы Теоретическая и математическая физика (Theoretical and Mathematical physics), Т. 194, № 3, с. 468-480 (year - 2018) https://doi.org/10.1134/S004057791803008X

20. Bobrov V.B., Trigger S.A. О проблеме универсального функционала плотности Краткие сообщения по физике ФИАН (Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute), Т. 45, № 4, с. 47-53 (year - 2018) https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068335618040073

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110. - Невесомость помогла создать новый метод 3Д-печати Wi-fi.ru, Wi-fi.ru, Москва, 29 июня 2018 (year - )

111. - Невесомость помогла создать новый метод трехмерной печати Wi-Fi.ru Санкт-Петербург, Wi-Fi.ru Санкт-Петербург (spb.wi-fi.ru), Санкт-Петербург, 29 июня 2018 (year - )

112. - РНФ ЗАПУСКАЕТ ВИРТУАЛЬНЫЕ ЭКСКУРСИИ ПО ЛАБОРАТОРИЯМ ОБЪЕДИНЕННОГО ИНСТИТУТА ВЫСОКИХ ТЕМПЕРАТУР Российское образование (edu.ru), Российское образование (edu.ru), Москва, 4 октября 2018 (year - )

113. - УЧЕНЫЕ СМОГЛИ СЖЕЧЬ ТОПЛИВО С ВЫСОКИМ СОДЕРЖАНИЕМ ВОДЫ rscf.ru, Российский научный фонд (rscf.ru), Москва, 24 сентября 2018 (year - )

114. - "Ученые сожгли топливо вместе с водой" Wi-fi.ru, Wi-fi.ru, Москва, 21 сентября 2018 (year - )

115. - "Институт высоких температур в САО представил итоги пятилетнего проекта, посвящённого развитию энергетики" Официальный портал префектуры САО, Официальный портал префектуры САО (sao.mos.ru), Москва, 1 ноября 2018 (year - )

116. - Трёхмерная биопечать в невесомости Полит.ру, Полит.ру, Москва, 25 июня 2018 (year - )

117. - НОВАЯ УСТАНОВКА ПОДСКАЖЕТ, КАК ЛУЧШЕ СНИМАТЬ ТЕПЛО В УСЛОВИЯХ ИТЭР Наука в Сибири, Наука в Сибири (sbras.info), Новосибирск, 24 октября 2016 (year - )

118. - ОБЪЕДИНЕННЫЙ ИНСТИТУТ ВЫСОКИХ ТЕМПЕРАТУР В САО ПРИГЛАШАЕТ НА ВИРТУАЛЬНУЮ ЭКСКУРСИЮ ПО СВОИМ ЛАБОРАТОРИЯМ БезФормата.Ru Москва, БезФормата.Ru Москва (moskva.bezformata.ru), Москва, 12 октября 2018 (year - )

119. - КОГДА УЧЕНЫЕ ЗАГЛЯДЫВАЮТ В БУДУЩЕЕ... Новости сибирской науки, Новости сибирской науки (sib-science.info), Новосибирск, 17 апреля 2018 (year - )

120. - УЧЕНЫЕ ОИВТ РАН ЗАНЯЛИ ВТОРОЕ МЕСТО НА МЕЖДУНАРОДНОМ КОНКУРСЕ ПО МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЮ СВОЙСТВ ЖИДКОСТЕЙ Научная Россия, Научная Россия (scientificrussia.ru), Москва, 16 ноября 2018 (year - )

121. - ИНСТИТУТ ВЫСОКИХ ТЕМПЕРАТУР В САО ПРЕДСТАВИЛ ИТОГИ ПЯТИЛЕТНЕГО ПРОЕКТА, ПОСВЯЩЕННОГО РАЗВИТИЮ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ БезФормата.Ru Москва, БезФормата.Ru Москва (moskva.bezformata.ru), Москва, 1 ноября 2018 (year - )

122. - Невесомость помогла создать новый метод трёхмерной печати Mensside.ru, Mensside.ru, Москва, 29 июня 2018 (year - )

123. - РОССИЙСКИЕ ЯДЕРЩИКИ СОЗДАЛИ УНИКАЛЬНЫЙ СТЕНД Академгородок, Академгородок (academcity.org) (year - )

124. - "Невесомость помогла создать новый метод 3D-печати" Новости@Mail.ru, Новости@Mail.ru, Москва, 29 июня 2018 (year - )

125. - Суперкомпьютер на основе разработки «Росэлектроники» вошел в ТОП-50 на территории СНГ Оружие России, - (year - )

126. - «Трехмерная биопечать в невесомости» Ivest.kz, Ivest.kz, Степногорск, 25 июня 2018 (year - )

127. - Объединённый институт высоких температур в САО приглашает на виртуальную экскурсию по своим лабораториям MosDay.ru, MosDay.ru, Москва, 12 октября 2018 (year - )

128. - ЗАГЛЯНУТЬ В БУДУЩЕЕ. "В МИРЕ НАУКИ"№3, 2018 Научная Россия, Научная Россия (scientificrussia.ru), Москва, 13 апреля 2018 (year - )

129. - КОСМИЧЕСКИЕ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТЫ ПРИВЕЛИ К СОЗДАНИЮ НОВОГО СПОСОБА 3D-БИОПЕЧАТИ Nanonewsnet.ru, Nanonewsnet.ru, Москва, 25 июня 2018 (year - )

130. - Невесомость помогла создать новый метод 3D-печати Новости@Rambler.ru, Новости@Rambler.ru, Москва, 29 июня 2018 (year - )

131. - УЧЕНЫЕ СОЖГЛИ ТОПЛИВО ВМЕСТЕ С ВОДОЙ Газета.Ru, Газета.Ru, Москва, 21 сентября 2018 (year - )

132. - "Трехмерная биопечать в невесомости" MaxNews, MaxNews (maxnews.net), Самара, 25 июня 2018 (year - )

133. - Институт высоких температур в САО представил итоги пятилетнего проекта, посвящённого развитию энергетики Новости@Rambler.ru, Новости@Rambler.ru, Москва, 1 ноября 2018 (year - )

134. - Ученые смогли сжечь топливо с высоким содержанием воды gazeta-margust.ru, Margust (gazeta-margust.ru), Белгород, 21 сентября 2018 (year - )

135. - ОБЪЕДИНЕННЫЙ ИНСТИТУТ ВЫСОКИХ ТЕМПЕРАТУР ПРЕДСТАВИЛ ИТОГИ ПЯТИЛЕТНЕГО ПРОЕКТА "ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ОСНОВЫ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ БУДУЩЕГО" рнф.рф, Российский научный фонд (рнф.рф), Москва, 30 октября 2018 (year - )

136. - КОРОТКО О ВАЖНОМ: СВЕЖИЙ ВЫПУСК ДАЙДЖЕСТА ГЛАВНЫХ НОВОСТЕЙ! БезФормата.Ru Екатеринбург, БезФормата.Ru Екатеринбург (ekaterinburg.bezformata.ru), Екатеринбург, 12 октября 2018 (year - )

137. - "Учёные сожгли топливо вместе с водой" Индикатор (indicator.ru), Индикатор (indicator.ru), Москва, 21 сентября 2018 (year - )

138. - "Эксперименты российских учёных в космосе привели к созданию нового способа 3D-биопечати" Новости@Rambler.ru, Новости@Rambler.ru, Москва, 25 июня 2018 (year - )

139. - "Космические эксперименты привели к созданию нового способа 3D-биопечати" рнф.рф, Российский научный фонд (рнф.рф), Москва, 25 июня 2018 (year - )

140. - ПРЕДСТАВЛЕН РЕЙТИНГ МОЛОДЫХ УЧЕНЫХ - ЛИДЕРОВ ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНОЙ НАУКИ, В КОТОРЫЙ ВОШЕЛ И ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛЬ БИОЛОГО-ПОЧВЕННОГО ИНСТИТУТА ДАЛЬНЕВОСТОЧНОГО ОТДЕЛЕНИЯ РАН Тихоокеанская Россия, Тихоокеанская Россия (to-ros.info), Владивосток, 2 декабря 2016 (year - )

141. - Суперкомпьютер DESMOS Прогресс Приморья, - (year - )

142. - РНФ запускает виртуальные экскурсии по лабораториям Объединенного института высоких температур рнф.рф, Российский научный фонд (рнф.рф), Москва, 3 октября 2018 (year - )

143. - ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТЫ РОССИЙСКИХ УЧЕНЫХ В КОСМОСЕ ПРИВЕЛИ К СОЗДАНИЮ НОВОГО СПОСОБА 3D-БИОПЕЧАТИ gazeta-margust.ru, Margust (gazeta-margust.ru), Белгород, 25 июня 2018 (year - )

144. - НЕВЕСОМОСТЬ ПОМОГЛА СОЗДАТЬ НОВЫЙ МЕТОД 3D-ПЕЧАТИ Novostival.ru, Novostival.ru, Москва, 29 июня 2018 (year - )

145. - "ЗАГЛЯНУТЬ В БУДУЩЕЕ" В МИРЕ НАУКИ, В МИРЕ НАУКИ, №3, 2018 (year - )

146. - Космические эксперименты привели к созданию нового способа 3D-биопечати Индикатор (indicator.ru), Индикатор (indicator.ru), Москва, 25 июня 2018 (year - )

147. - "Учёные смогли сжечь топливо с высоким содержанием воды" Hi-tech@Mail.Ru, Hi-tech@Mail.Ru, Москва, 21 сентября 2018 (year - )

148. - ЗАГЛЯНУТЬ В БУДУЩЕЕ рнф.рф, Российский научный фонд (рнф.рф), Москва, 16 апреля 2018 (year - )

149. - Эксперименты российских учёных в космосе привели к созданию нового способа 3D-биопечати Газета.Ru, Газета.Ru, Москва, 25 июня 2018 (year - )

150. - ВЫРАЗИТЕЛЬНЫЙ РЕЗУЛЬТАТ. ЭНЕРГЕТИКА БУДУЩЕГО В МЕГАПРОЕКТЕ рнф.рф, Российский научный фонд (рнф.рф), Москва, 15 февраля 2018 (year - )

Annotation of the results obtained in 2015
The new phenomena of thermal emission of free electron hot gas under cold lattice was succeeded to find experimentally for the first time. The spectra of luminescence of Si-nanoparticles under multiphoton excitation of an infrared femtosecond laser pulse (1048 nm) with a quantum energy less than band-gap of Si-nanoparticles. For the first time the thresholds of ablation, cavitation, melting and tensile stresses, resulting in fracture of liquid metals, were experimentally found under extension rate of ~10^9 s^-1 and temperature of ~10^3 К. The generation of compact electron bunches under the interaction of a wide laser pulse onto a sharp plasma boundary was investigated. The electron acceleration in the prepulse produced plasma corona at grazing incidence of a subpicosecond relativistic-intense laser pulse onto a plain solid target have been carried out. Wide-range models of optical and transport properties of metals have been developed, and simulation of complex reflectivity dynamics measured in experiments has been performed. The reflectivity of metal plasma for different parameters of pump and probe laser pulses has been investigated. The high accuracy of the developed methods has been confirmed. The superhigh charging of dust particles by an electron beam with energy of up to 25 keV is performed, and dependences of the charge of particles on their material and size and on the energy of the beam have been obtained. Coating the microspheres by a metal layer as a result of condensation of vapor produced by evaporation of the target under the effect of an electron beam, is satisfied. Еxperimentally observed the confining of electrically charged superconductive micron-sized particles in a static magnetic trap at cryogenic temperatures. A numerical study was undertaken to define criteria for different orientational and spatial configurations formation in a monolayer system of uniformly charged cylinders under conditions similar to experiments with the complex plasma of rf and dc discharges. Metal-сarbon nanoparticles have been synthesized by laser photosynthesis in the mixtures of Fe(CO)5 with acetylene and benzene at room temperature. Average sizes of metal-carbon nanoparticles were found to be 4.2 nm in the mixture with acetylenes and 5.3 nm in the case of benzene respectively. The data on the kinetics of synthesized nanoparticle growth were obtained by the method of laser light extinction. The temperatures of nanoparticles during laser heating at different laser energy densities were measured. At the first time the energies of Rydberg aloud dipole and forbidden transitions were measured in lithium-7 atoms. The measurements were performed with aloud transitions 2P-nS for principal quantum numbers n from 38 to 165, forbidden transitions 2P-nP for 42<n< 114 and for forbidden transitions 2P-nF for 38<n< 48. First DD neutrons as a result of collisional nuclear syntheses in potential well of virtual cathode of nanosecond vacuum discharge have been registered at the new experimental set-up. Analytical model of plasma generation in the systems with inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) have been formulated as well as PIC modeling of aneutronic proton- boron burning within electrodynamic code KARAT have been started. Extreme states of matter created in the interaction of ultra high contrast petawatt laser pulses with Ti and Al mass limited targets are studied by means of specially developed X-ray diagnostic methods. Thermal expansion of pyrolytic graphite specimens sandwiched between two sapphire plates has been measured using the pulse Joule heating technique and a laser interferometer. As a result the dependence of density of the graphite on enthalpy and pressure has been determined for the enthalpy range from the normal solid state to the melting curve at the pressures of 0.4 - 2.0 GPa. Density and the electric resistivity of liquid carbon have been measured as functions of pressure and specific enthalpy for the pressure range of 1 - 3 GPa and the range of enthalpy from the melting curve up to the values of 0.6 - 0.7 of the heat of evaporation. It has been found that liquid carbon at these pressures is a non-metal, and the transition from the solid to the liquid state coincides with a metal-nonmetal transition. No the first order liquid I – liquid II phase transition has been found in this domain of the phase diagram. New method for calculation of critical parameters and binodals of alkaline and many-electron metals is developed. The received equation of a state allows to make calculations a supercritical fluid state including the vicinity of critical point. Estimates of a critical point of liquid Uranus are performed. Using the average atom model it is shown that the cesium cold curve has two minima: at relatively low densities ~ 0.3 g/cm3 and at much higher densities ~ 6.2 g/cm3. The last one causes a first order phase transition in warm dense matter with the critical point at temperature T ~ 6400 K, density ~ 5.3 g/cm3 and pressure P ~ 6 GPa. The symmetrization method of the liquid−vapor phase coexistence curve, based on the introduction of the lattice-like density is proposed. Using the one-component plasma model as the initial system, the free energy of liquid metal is found in the approximation based on the integral smallness of the electron-ion interaction. The universal nature of the phonon-roton spectrum of collective excitations in liquids due to the presence of short-range order is established. Сoarse-grained simulations in a united-atom model are used to investigate the effect of cylindrical confinement on the morphology of Nafion-like ionomers. It is shown that in narrow pores several density modulations of ions take place. Strong enhance the mobility of ions along the continuous hydrophilic channel is discovered. It is shown that the electrostriction effect, which is a significant contribution to the actuation of low aspect-ratio composites, strongly depends on the spatial distribution of inclusions. The result obtained is a step for creation of new ionomer structures with high conductivity for low hydration. The deviations from the Planck low for the case of relativistic fully ionized plasma are found and numerically estimated. The results are applicable for laboratory conditions, as well as for astrophysics and cosmology. The theoretical and experimental studies of Coulomb structures dynamics of charged microparticles with sizes from 1 to 120 microns in an electrodynamic trap stationary gas medium and in gas flows were carried out. New methods of microparticle charge and size diagnosing in stationary gases and gas flows were developed. The modeling and experimental investigations on charged microparticles removal from gas streams by electrodynamic traps were carried out. The patent was submitted. We have developed the new quantum path integral model of the uniform electron gas (UEG) at finite temperature and present the results of related direct path integral Monte Carlo (DPIMC) simulations. Contrary to the known in literature approaches treating the electron – background interaction classically, our simulations take into account the quantum effects in this interaction. We have observed very good agreement with known in literature results only at moderate densities, when the ratio of the average interparticle distance to the Bohr radius is of order four (rs ≥ 4) and observe deviations for higher densities. For dusty plasma, the speed of the dust-acoustic waves propagation and the speed of their damping have been determined. It is demonstrated that the dust acoustic speed is fully determined by a compressibility of the dust particles subsystem. The structural properties of the plasma crystal obtained onboard the ISS in the case of its compression by a cloud of large-sized microparticles have been studied. There has been performed the detailed investigation of the structure and the short-range orientational order in the system of microparticles with the directed interaction (the so-called patchy colloids). In such system an interaction between particles is composed of a relatively weak attraction (Lennard-Jones type) between centers of particles and a strong attraction between the localized sections (patchies) that are selected on a surface of each particle. The structural properties of the liquid system with two space scales, the so-called Repulsive Shoulder Systems, have been studied For the first time the first order phase transition "liquid-quasicrystal" have been found. For the first time the quasicrystal phase has been discovered in the model system with the pure repulsive potential. It is demonstrated that the structural properties of such system are very close to the metallic glasses. The phase transitions in the thin films of the complex plasma where the interaction between particles is described by the Yukawa potential have been studied. It has been shown that a confinement is an essential parameter characterizing the phase state of a system of the charged particles and their structure. Experimental setup for investigation Coulomb interaction between charged dust particles in plasma has been assembled. Experimental investigations of high-temperature properties of tungsten were carried out at various heating rates up to 1 GK/s. Quantum-mechanical calculation of thermodynamic and optical characteristics of plasmas of elements and mixtures (W, Si, O, С, Н, SiO2, C12H16O8) at high energy densities was performed. Equation-of-state models were constructed for tungsten, carbon and silica in a wide range of pressures and temperatures. The existing numerical and experimental basis provided experimental studies of MHD heat transfer in a vertical duct in conditions of magnetic field and thermogravitational convection joint influence. Liquid metal MHD heat transfer numerical simulations using both averaged equations system (RANS) and direct numerical simulation (DNS) has been done. The results of numerical simulations reproduce experimentally discovered issues – specific MHD heat transfer patterns leading to dangerous temperature surges. Conducted work on designing of the new experimental facility with advanced settings, primarily due to magnetic field increase. More details on www.mhdlab.pro/rscf2015. The dynamic fracture strength (spall strength) of tin and lead melts has been for the first time measured by a found method. Comparison with similar measurements of the spall strength of these metals at room temperature shows that melting reduces the spall strength by at least an order of magnitude. The spall strength of liquid metals is a smaller fraction of the extremely possible (“ideal”) strength than that for water and organic liquids. The frequency spectrum of the acoustic waves emitted by accelerating flame front in a hydrogen-air mixture was experimentally determined. The goal was to study the influence of acoustic waves reflected from the closed end of the combustion chamber on the acceleration of the flame front. It was found that the frequency spectrum of acoustic vibrations generated under experimental conditions has a maximum at a frequency close to 250, 800 and 1500 Hz. The spectrum of the generated acoustic vibrations and the flame front velocity depending on the material of the closed end of channel was determined. It was found that all used sound absorbers have little effect on the low frequency sound vibrations. By increasing the frequency the efficiency of the absorbers also increased. The best results were obtained using a "metallic wool" as a sound absorber. A decrease in pulse pressure by 40% was achieved. We investigated experimentally the use of sound-absorbing surfaces to reduce the intensity of the detonation wave in hydrogen-air mixtures. The goal was to determine the degree of weakening of the detonation wave in the hydrogen-air mixture in a cylindrical channel with the sound-absorbing coatings with open pores, depending on the concentration of hydrogen. We used a hydrogen-air mixture with ER = 0,8-2,0 (molar excess of fuel - hydrogen). The degree of attenuation of the detonation wave intensity, depending on the volume concentration of hydrogen was determined. It was found that the smallest decrease in the intensity of the detonation wave are not observed in a stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen and air, but in case of ER = 1.5. The experimental and calculation data on the conditions and characteristics of ignition of mixtures of hydrogen – air, resulting in the release of hydrogen from the pressure vessels have been obtained. The results can be used to create technologies and support systems technosphere safety of nuclear power facilities and chemical industries. The temperatures of phase transitions and spectral emissivity of zirconium carbide of various stoichiometry are measured in the vicinity of its homogeneity domain. Preliminary results are obtained on integral emissivity of stoichiometric zirconium carbide. The vaporization enthalpies of different molecular species in the zirconium carbide vapor are determined at temperatures much above 3000 K. A part of the Program is caused by need of improvement of centralized, distributed and autonomous energy systems. This improvement is based on more effective use of local renewable energy sources and perfection of energy generation and accumulation. Important part of work executed in reporting year consisted in a modernization of existing experimental stands and making of new ones. Also, experimental verification of test methods and software was performed. Important part of work represents justification of prospects and development of structural schemes and main technical solutions for the quality assurance systems of power supply with use of energy storages and sources, including systems of voltage conversion and systems which control major subsystems and switching equipment. An essential part of the work consisted in the improvement and development of new technologies and materials to improve specific characteristics of advanced electrochemical storage - ultracapacitors - and current sources - air-aluminum cells and batteries. In 2015 the efficiency of the hardware for high performance computing has been analize for such fundamental algorithms as the electronic structure calculation algorithms and classical molecular dynamics. These types of algorithms are crucial for this direction of the Project. Using quantum methods of atomistic modeling the melting curves of metals have been calculated, ward dense matter states including. The wave-packet method for strongly coupled non-ideal systems has been developed. A series of research works have been carried out based on the classical molecular dynamics method for complex molecular systems: hydrocarbon mixtures on the example of methane - n-butane mixture, organic oil on the example of n-triacontane, hydrogen hydrates, alkanethiol monolayers on the gold surface in water solutions. The multiscale model of polymer nanocomposite material based on the polyethylene matrix doped by carbon nanotubes. Creation of the National Information-Computing Centre for the standard scientifically proved data on thermophysical properties of substances and compositions was initiated. At present the IVTANTHERMO database contains thermodynamical information for about 3500 substances formed by 96 chemical elements. Adding a new data was done by means of critical analysis of available experimental and theoretical results published by other authors as well as by means of quantum calculations [http://mi.mathnet.ru/tvt8393]. On the basis of numerical modelling a new approach of distant localized mild thermal explosion of gaseous combustible mixtures is proposed for perspective systems of ignition and detonation initiation inside combustors. A wide-range equation of state for quartz is proposed on the basis of Mie-Grüneisen approach. The generator of clusters based of the microwave has been developed and created. The physical and mathematical model of clusters formation in a stream of gas was developed. The calculation for clusters was carried out. The first step of the development of the complex numerical model of the hypersonic flow around the apparatus has been completed. The preliminary results on the electromagnetic waves propagation through the ionized shock layer forming near the critical points of hypersonic vehicles are obtained. Experiments on spreading of pulse current from spherical electrodes and electric breakdown in quartz sand of various moistures were carried out in laboratory conditions at pulse voltage. Conducted an overview of current plasma torch technologies that can be implemented in plasma chemistrical, metallurgical and metal treatment processes. Designed and constructed experimental setup to conduct research on the physical properties of high enthalpy plasma jets produced by the variety of gases. Created a sample model of explosion-proof, oil-filled autotransformer with the use of damping materials and (or) two-phase medium as the protection mechanism. And also constructed experimental setup to test the explosion-proofness of oil-filled trasformer of 220/110kV. An experimental stand has been developed for research of the physical of the breakdown of single-phase and two-phase media. Based on the analysis of the literary sources and existing equipment, it is shown that the optical fiber FT-IR spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the analysis of composition and properties of substances. An original design of current-limiting devices of new generation suggested and preliminary optimization of the parameters of the device conducted. The physical and mathematical model of thermoviscous liquid has been developed in the current stage of research, that thereafter was included in FlowVision software package. It was also used to simulate thermoviscous fluid flow in the interior sample domain of high-voltage oil-isolated equipment.

Publications

1. A. B. Tarasenko and O. S. Popel’ Manufacturing Technologies for Photovoltaics and Possible Means of Their Development in Russia (Review): Part 2. Thermal Engineering, Vol. 62, No. 12, pp. 868–877. (year - 2015) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/653/1/012108

2. A. B. Tarasenko and O. S. Popel’ Manufacturing Technologies for Photovoltaics and Possible Means of Their Development in Russia (Review). Part 1: General Approach to the Development of Photoelectric Converters and Basic Silicon Technologies Thermal Engineering, Vol. 62, No. 12, pp. 868–877 (year - 2015) https://doi.org/10.1134/S00406015151100872.9.

3. A. I. Schastlivtsev and O. V. Nazarova Hydrogen–Air Energy Storage Gas Turbine System Thermal Engineering (English translation of Teploenergetika), Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 107–113 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1134/S0040601516010109

4. A. Zhuk, Yu. Zeigarnik, E. Buzoverov, A. Sheindlin Managing peak loads in energy grids: Comparative economic analysis Energy Policy, Volume 88, Pages 39–44 (year - 2015) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.10.006

5. A.N. Bocharov, N.M. Evstigneev and O.I. Ryabkov Computational gas dynamics in a wide range of Mach number on heterogeneous cluster architecture Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 653 (2015) 012119 (year - 2015) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/653/1/012119

6. A.N. Bocharov, N.N. Golovin, V.P. Petrovskiy and I.O. Teplyakov Numerical simulations of heat and mass transfer at ablating surface in hypersonic flow Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 653 (2015) 012118 (year - 2015)

7. A.V. Glushneva, A.S. Saveliev, E.E. Son and D.V. Tereshonok Investigation of shock wave-boundary layer instability on the heated ramp surface Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 653 (2015) 012069 (year - 2015) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/653/1/012069

8. Agranat M.B., Ashitkov S.I., Ovchinnikov A.V., Sitnikov D.S., Yurkevich A.A., Chephonov O.V., Perelman L.T., Anisimov S.I., Fortov V.E. Тепловое излучение горячих электронов металла Письма в ЖЭТФ, Т. 101. – Вып. 9. – С. 671-676. (year - 2015)

9. Andreev N.E., Povarnitsyn M.E., Pugachev L.P., Levashov P.R. Laser electron acceleration in the prepulse produced plasma corona Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 653 No 1 P. 012006 (year - 2015) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/653/1/012006

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72. Pecherkin V.Ya., Vasilyak L.M., Vetchinin S.P., Panov V.A. Limit charge of particulates at their ejection from plane electrode Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 653 (2015) 012152 (year - 2015) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/653/1/012152

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90. Valuev I.A., Morozov I.V. Extension of the Wave Packet Molecular Dynamics method towards the accurate quantum simulations of electron dynamics Journal of Physics: Conference Series, V. 653, P. 012153 (year - 2015) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/653/1/012153

91. Vasiliev M.M., Petrov O.F., Statsenko K.B. Кулоновские структуры из заряженных макрочастиц в статических магнитных ловушках при криогенных температурах Письма в ЖЭТФ, Том 102, вып. 11, с. 881 – 885 (year - 2015)

92. Vasiliev M.M., Petrov O.F., Statsenko K.B. Clusters of the charged dust particles in a magnetic trap at cryogenic temperatures Journal of Physics: Conference Series, V. 653, p.012133 (year - 2015) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/653/1/012133

93. Vasilyev O.A., Klumov B.A., Tkachenko A.V. Chromatic patchy particles: Effects of specific interactions on liquid structure Physical Review E, 92, 012308 (2015) (year - 2015) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.92.012308

94. Vaulina O.S., Lisina I.I., Lisin E.A. Формирование упорядоченных структур в системах заряженных тонких цилиндрических частиц Физика плазмы, Т. 42. № 2. С. 130-141. (year - 2016)

95. Vervikishko P.S., Bgashva T.V., Sheindlin M.A. ОСОБЕННОСТИ КРИСТАЛЛИЗАЦИИ ЖИДКОГО УГЛЕРОДА В ДИАПАЗОНЕ ДАВЛЕНИЙ ОТ 100 ДО 400 МПА ФИЗИЧЕСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ В ВУЗАХ, Том: 21 Номер: 1С Год: 2015 Страницы: 17-18 (year - 2015)

96. Veysman M.E., Andreev N.E. Semi-empirical model for permittivity of warm dense matter Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol 653, P. 012004 (year - 2015) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/653/1/012004

97. Volodin V.V., Korobov A.E., Golovastov S.V., Golub V.V. Влияние отраженных акустических возмущений на ускорение фронта пламени Письма в журнал технической физики, Т.41, №21, с.60-65 (year - 2015) https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063785015110139

98. Wang R., Zhang C., Shen Yu., Zhu W.-D., Yan P., Shao T., Babaeva N., Naidis G. Temporal and Spatial Profiles of Emission Intensities in Atmospheric Pressure Helium Plasma Jet Driven by Microsecond Pulse: Experiment and Simulation J. Appl. Phys., V. 118. – 123303 (7pp). (year - 2015) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4931668

99. Yanilkin I.V., Sametov A.A., Atamanyuk I.N., Volpert A., Dobele G.V., Zhurilova M.A., Grigorenko A.A., Kolokol’nikov V.N., Vervikishko D.E., Shkolnikov E.I. Porous Structure and Electrical Capacitance of Charcoals in Aqueous and Organic Electrolytes Electrodes on Characteristics of Supercapacitors Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, Vol. 88, No. 7, pp. 1157−1167 (year - 2015) https://doi.org/10.1134/S107042721502024X

100. Yanilkin I.V., Sametov A.A., Shkol’nikov E.I. Effect of the Amount of F4 Fluoroplastic Binder in Carbon Electrodes on Characteristics of Supercapacitors Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, Vol. 88, No. 2, pp. 335−342 (year - 2015) https://doi.org/10.1134/S107042721502024X

101. Zelener B.B., Saakyan S.A., Sautenkov V.A., Fortov V.E. Когерентные и некогерентные компоненты двухступенчатого возбуждения ридберговских состояний ультрахолодных атомов лития 7 ДАН, 467 №5 (2016) стр.526 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.7868/S0869565216110116

102. Zelener B.B., Saakyan S.A., Sautenkov V.A., Manykin E.A., Zelener B.V., Fortov V.E. Лазерная диагностика спектра энергии ридберговских состояний атома лития-7 ЖЭТФ, Т. 148. № 6. С. 1086 (year - 2015)

103. Zhukhovitskii D. I. Dust acoustic waves in three-dimensional complex plasmas with a similarity property Physical Review E, 92, 023108 (2015) (year - 2015) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.92.023108

104. Zhukhovitskii D. I., Petrov O. F., Hyde T. W., Herdrich G., Laufer R., Dropmann M., and Matthews L. S. Electrical Conductivity of the Thermal Dusty Plasma under the Conditions of a Hybrid Plasma Environment Simulation Facility New Journal of Physics, 17 (2015) 053041 (year - 2015) https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/17/5/053041

105. Зеленер Б.Б., Саакян С.А., Саутенков В.А., Э.А. Маныкин, Б.В. Зеленер, В.Е. Фортов Запрещенные переходы 2P-nP и 2P-nF в спектре энергий ультрахолодных ридберговских атомов лития-7 ЖЭТФ, том 149 №4 750-755 (year - 2016)

106. Онуфриев С.В., Савватимский А.И. Измерение температуры при импульсном нагреве графита в сапфировой ячейке Теплофизика высоких температур, - (year - 2016)

107. - База данных по термодинамическим свойствам индивидуальных веществ ИВТАНТЕРМО -, 2015620634 (year - )

Annotation of the results obtained in 2016
Designed and developed an upgraded hydrogen-oxygen steam generator, allowing to carry out experimental research on steam generation in a hydrogen-air environment. Verification of previously developed mathematical models carried out. Created molecular dynamic model of the processes in a mixture of hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen based on the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations. Numerical simulations of processes in the combustion-mixing chamber of hydrogen-oxygen steam generator were conducted. Researches for the establishment and optimization of a technique of obtaining high-performance activated carbon for supercapacitors with an aprotic electrolyte are conducted. Pore structure, surface properties and parameters of coal activation are optimized, allowing to obtain the characteristics of the model supercapacitors, in a number of parameters exceeding the best foreign analogues. The shape modification of the electrodes (gas diffusion cathode and anode) of aluminum-air cell onto the cylindrical, and the development of new highly efficient oxygen reduction catalysts, allow to increase the specific energy of the experimental model of aluminum-air cell up to 285 W*h/kg. A mathematical model describing the behavior of “hydrocarbon mixture – pore space” system, taking into account self-oscillation of the system, resulting from the formation of retrograde fluid, and applying external impacts, has been developed; based on the results of experimental studies verification of developed model has been carried out. The model allows to calculate the quantitative parameters of filtration process of gas-condensate mixture in a porous medium, taking into account the non-equilibrium phase transitions in the system “gas-condensate”. It was shown, that water dispersion noticeably enhances the process of methane hydrate formation, that allow decreasing the duration of the process from several days to several hours. In the study of methane hydrate dissociation it was determined the absolute gas-keeping coefficient - 41%. The calculation model for PV power plants has been developed, realized and verified. Bifacial mono-Si PV modules showed themselves to be a prospective technology for grid-tie and off-grid power plants during comparative tests. The diffusion in n-triacontane was modeled. A method for phase diagram creation for porous media was developed. The free-energy profiles were obtained as well as the energetic barriers of O2 and Li+ in various electrolytes. The data were obtained for the rate and mechanism of impurity ions in the corundum crystal lattice. The plasma properties in the area of solid diterium and metal-dielectric transition were studied. New computational method based on the wave-like representation of electrons. The techniques for multiscale modeling of polymers and nanocomposites were found. The e-science data-infrastructure was developed as well. The efficiency analysis for new microprocessor architectures was performed. New data was received on the optical values of the complex permittivity of different metals in the two-temperature state of the electron and ion subsystems. The online database of optical, thermodynamic and kinetic data in the two-temperature state of matter was created. Theoretical and experimental studies of the thermal radiation of gold in the two-temperature state of electron and ion subsystems with a highly superheated lattice were conducted. An approach to the creation of the theoretical model of the luminescence mechanism of silicon nanoparticles was developed. The theory of propagation of laser pulses in plasma channels with arbitrary geometry input laser beam into the channel and an arbitrary laser pulse envelope is developed. A model of the dielectric constant of dense hot plasma, based on quantum-statistical approach and the theory of linear response, is elaborated. The numerical simulation of experiments to measure the complex reflection coefficient was performed, the dependence of the reflective properties of the plasma on the parameters of heating and probe pulses was determined. The acceleration of electron bunches self-injected into the wake wave generated by the laser pulse passing through the boundary of an inhomogeneous plasma was investigated. The laser acceleration of electrons in the interaction of the petawatt laser pulses with a aerogels was modeled. The model of X-ray bremsstrahlung generated by the hot electrons produced by the laser pulse of relativistic intensity on a metal target of arbitrary thickness was elaborated. Studied the dependence of charge, acquired by the particle under the influence of the electron beam, from material of particle (tungsten, silicon dioxide, carbon), energy 13-50 keV and a beam current, variable in the range of 1-50 mA. Investigated the dependence the quantity of charge, acquired by the particle under the influence of plasma flows, from material of particle and from the characteristics of plasma flows. Created the mathematical model of physical processes in an electrostatic accelerator, which is based on the dependence of velocity of accelerated particle from its specific charge and the magnitude of the accelerating voltage. Studied the Coulomb clusters transition process from the quasi- two-dimensional structure to the three-dimensional structure at increasing the number of particles in cluster and at change the parameters of trap. Created the numerical model of the formation of ordered structures from charged diamagnetic macroparticles in cusp geometry trap. Analytical model for a determination of the angle between the axis of rod and the symmetry axis of electric trap was presented. According to the results of numerical simulations it was found that, while the ratio between gradients external electric field changes there are mainly two orientations of rod-like particles in a monolayer of many particle system: vertical and horizontal. It was shown that for particles in the central part of a monolayer, the magnitude of the gradient of interaction forces is much greater than the radial gradient of the external field. We assembled a new stand for the trapping of Ca-40 in the magneto-optical trap. Using our methodology we measure the quantum defects and frequency intervals between the Rydberg levels nF and nD ultracold atoms Li-7. We predicted the possibility of experimental detection the phase transition in partial thermodynamic equilibrium low temperature plasmas. The requirements are formulated to the technical parameters of the system with inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) to create both a powerful neutron source with a rate of generation exceeding 10^10 -10^12 particles/s and to achieve a positive energy output (analogue of Lawson criterion). Detailed modeling on the framework of electrodynamic code KARAT of proton – boron nuclear burning at the IEC scheme based on nanosecond vacuum discharge (NVD) have been performed, in particular, for planning the real experiment. The parameters of supersonic astrophysically-relevant plasma jets collimating via poloidal magnetic field are determined with use of X-ray spectroscopy methods of recombining plasma diagnostics. Extreme states of matter created by ultra-intense polychromatic X-ray radiation are studied in relativistic laser plasma. Numerical simulation of the heating dynamics of graphite samples has been performed to determine the parameters of the experiment which ensure sufficiently uniform heating. The second series of experiments has been carried out to measure the temperature of liquid carbon. For the first time the values of the speed of sound, the Grüneisen coefficient and the heat capacity of liquid carbon have been determined for a well-defined thermodynamic state. The analytical expression for the transversal dielectric permittivity of degenerate electron plasma, taking into account the electron spin, is found in ideal gas approximation. The Landau diamagnetism and Pauli paramagnetism are taken into account. The database of critical points parameters has been created practically for all metals. For most metals the parameters of critical points are not known. As a result of the database analyze a number of the new regularities connecting the critical density, temperature and pressure with parameters of metals under normal conditions (heat of evaporation, density and isothermal bulk modulus) are established. For the alkaline earth metals Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba the liquid-gas binodals were constructed. New results on the storage of electrostatic energy in nanocomposites and the contribution from dipole-dipole correlations to the energy density were found. The solution for kinetics of expansion of the neutral gas cloud in vacuum, which is applicable to the problems of dusty and cosmic plasma, is found. The waveletanalysis is applied to the investigation of plasma properties in stellarator. The study of microparticle dynamics in electrodynamics traps with optional number of electrodes has shown that with increasing the number of electrodes the amplitude of particle oscillations decreases. The possibility of 800 nm particles capturing was shown in gaseous medium. The regions of nanoparticle confinement in the Paul trap in gaseous medium were found. Wigner function in the phase space has been developed for canonical ensemble. Explicit analytical expression of the Wigner function has been obtained in harmonic approximation. New quantum Monte-Carlo method for ab initio calculations of the average values of quantum operators, Wigner function, momentum and position distributions and wave functions of the ground state has been developed and tested. Obtained results are in a very good agreement with available analytical results and results of usual path-integral Monte-Carlo method. The developed approach allows simulation of thermodynamic and kinetic properties of quantum systems and calculation average values of quantum operators, when the usual path integral Monte Carlo methods in configurational space failed. Experiments on pulsed heating of samples of tantalum, graphite and eutectic mixture of molybdenum and carbon at high pressures have been carried out; obtained results have been compared with data available for the materials. Quantum-mechanical calculations of thermodynamical and optical characteristics of plasmas of H2O, СН, CH2 and other compounds, as well as iron at high energy densities have been performed; equations of state of these substances have been constructed with taking into account new theoretical results. Calculations have been done for regimes of microsecond and nanosecond duration, the role of phase transitions on dynamics of electrical explosion of wires and foils in one-dimensional case. Stereoscopic system for registration of three-dimensional trajectories of colliding dust particles is created. There were carried out experiments on registration of dust particles colliding in a radio-frequency inductive discharge in neon at pressures in the range of 20 - 80 Pa. From the analysis of experimental data on the occurrence of low frequency oscillations in a dusty plasma formation (heart-beat oscillations) we have concluded that the instability conditions depend on the ratio of local ionization rate, the particle charges and of the concentration of dust particles in the cloud. Molecular dynamics simulation of a particle system which are suspended in a collisional plasma flow showed that the influence of plasma focus significantly suppressed and the interparticle interaction is mainly determined by polarized clouds of ions trapped by microparticles. It was shown that the activity of a particle ensemble of active microparticles with a directed interaction essentially changes the phase diagram of the system and the cluster-aggregate size spectrum. As part of the work in 2016 the optical discharge and the ionization waves propagation through the optical fibers were analyzed numerically. On the basis of the VOF approach, a method for calculation of ablation of the thermal protection system of a hypersonic vehicle has been developed. The method accounts for variation of the vehicle shape. On the basis of GDT interaction of a shock-wave with obstacles was carried out. Full-scale study of the process of the lightning current flow through the soil was carried out in Troitsk. We have developed a model to calculate the thermophysical properties of partially-ionized low temperature iron plasma in the temperature range more than 10–60 kK and densities less than 2 g/cm^3. Pulsed electrical discharge in highly conductive solution of isopropyl alcohol in tap water (330 μS¬/cm) was studied experimentally applying high voltage millisecond pulses of positive polarity to pin anode electrode at 10 mm interelectrode gap distance. Investigations of the characteristics of isothermal and reacting flows formed in a conical nozzle were carried out. Experimental investigation of turbulent boundary layer on the ramp in supersonic flow was conducted and resulted in obtaining velocity fields and shadow pictures of the flow. A computational investigation of nanosecond pulsed surface discharges of positive and negative polarity using a 2D fluid and fluid-Monte Carlo simulation was carried out. The model of the equipment for online diagnostics was designed. A new method of numerical solution of the 3D problem of the conjugate heat- and mass transfer at the aerodynamics body in the hypersonic airflow has been developed. Theoretical and experimental studies of the plasma torches have revealed that the optimal expansion angle of an outlet electrode is 6 deg. The basis of this project is creating the prototype of high-speed current-limiting device (CLD) for the networks with voltage of 110 kV. Experimental study of MHD heat transfer in a downflow of liquid metal in terms of nonuniform thermal load was conducted using RK-2 facility in the range of magnetic fields up to 1 T (Hartmann number up to 500 for round tubes). Area of existence of unsteady heat transfer modes was studied during the flow in round pipes. The experimental data on the stationary modes of heat transfer are summarized in the form of a numerical model based on the RANS equations and empiric algebraic models of turbulence suppression by magnetic field. Unsteady heat transfer modes in round tubes was modeled using direct numerical simulation, verified on the achieved experimental data. Works on commissioning of the liquid metal facility RK-3 – HELMEF has been done: specialized ventilation has been built, an automated system of scientific research has been prepared, work of DEM - 1 electromagnet has been debugged. Loop for molten salts simulators heat transfer studies in the magnetic field based on HELMEF has been created. Calculation method of the stationary magnetic field applied to the existing problems of hydrodynamics using parallel programming techniques has been developed. The method provides numerical simulation of flow in electrovortex hemispherical and cylindrical geometries, including the calculation of the magnetic field on GPUs with CUDA technology. To provide shock-wave experiments with the metrological characteristics of fused quartz applied as a window material, we measure the free surface velocity history and the particle velocity history under dynamic compression in different experimental arrangements. From these measurements, we obtain data on the material compressibility within the tensile stress domain and at elevated temperatures. We show that the anomalous compressibility of the fused quartz takes place not only under compression but also under tension. We measure the elastic compression adiabats within the temperature range from 20 deg C to 340 deg C. Measurements of the rise times of shock waves in glycerol have been carried out with the goal to develop new method for determining the viscosity of melted metals at high pressures and high strain rates. It has been found the rise time decreases down to 1 ns of the temporal resolution of modern measurements at 2.5 GPa of the shock pressure. In this pressure range found values of the viscosity are in reasonable agreement with existing experimental data. Transition to step-wise shock compression expands the range of available pressures and provide a capability of varying also the temperature. A decay and of the detonation and flame propagation in a hydrogen-air mixture was investigated in rectangular channels with solid walls and two types of porous surfaces: steel wool or porous polyurethane. The dynamics of the shock wave pressure inside the section with a porous coating was studied by the pressure sensors. The propagation of the flame front has been studied using photodiodes and high-speed camera. Mixture of hydrogen with air with various proportions of fuel and oxidizer have been used. It is found that in the case of replacing of a porous material the stationary detonation wave in the porous section of the channel is decomposed to the shock wave and the flame front with velocity of the acoustic Chapman-Jouguet velocity. When using the steel wool the pressure and the speed of the shock wave pressure were significantly lower than in the case of using the porous polyurethane. The porous coating on the walls of the channel leaded to elongation of the flame front along the walls. The dependence of the flame velocity on the composition of the combustible mixture was determined. A mathematical model, which is the standard system of equations of gas dynamics of the Navier-Stokes equations for a multicomponent gas with viscosity, thermal conductivity, diffusion and chemical transformation, was designed to calculate the dynamics of the ignition points in the boundary layer. The temperature distributions, molar fraction of hydrogen and Mach number with evolutions are obtained. The melting temperature of carbon is measured by laser heating in the pressure range of 10-600МПа. High-speed video recording is performed in parallel with the laser-melting in order to confirm both the formation of liquid carbon by an objective and independent method and the very moment of reaching the melting temperature. The melting temperature of carbon measured at pressure of 600 MPa amounted to 4900K and the pressure coefficient of the melting temperature (dTm/dp) in the pressure range from 100 to 600 amounted to 0.4 K/MPa. Also, thermal conductivity of liquid carbon is evaluated in the pressure range of 10 to 600 MPa. It turned out that thermal conductivity of liquid carbon is significantly increasing in the range of 10-250 MPa but the further increase is practically completed above the pressure of 3000 MPa. This behavior correlates with the results of SEM-analysis of the refrozen zone showing significantly more dense structure of the melt at pressures above 300 MPa than at lower pressures. On the basis of the obtained data one can come to a conclusion that there is a significant change of the properties of liquid carbon, which occurring in the pressure range of 250-300 MPa and making possible transition from "non-metallic" liquid at low pressure to a “metallic” at pressures over 300 MPa . The analysis of different structures, formed as the result of fast cooling of both carbon melt and small droplets of liquid carbon appeared during condensation of supersaturated carbon vapor at high pressures is performed using the SEM microscopy.

Publications

1. A G Ageev, V A Bityurin, V F Chinnov, A V Efimov and A S Pashchina Features of spatial distribution of the parameters on the initial section of a supersonic plasma jet, created by pulsed discharge in a capillary with ablative wall Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 774 (2016) 012201 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012201

2. A I Krikunova, E E Son and A S Saveliev Premixed conical flame stabilization Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 774 (2016) 012087 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012087

3. A N Bocharov, V A Bityurin, V G Brovkin, I Ch Mashek, P V Vedenin, B A Balakirev, V P Petrovskiy, A Yu Pervov and O Yu Shkatov Magneto-plasma compressor for radiophysical study of supersonic flows around bodies Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 774 (2016) 012156 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012156

4. A N Bocharov, V A Bityurin, V G Brovkin, P V Vedenin, V P Petrovskiy, B A Balakirev, V N Korneev, A S Pashchina, O Yu Shkatov and A Yu Pervov Experimental and theoretical study of the microwaves transmission through the plasma structures and layers in a constant magnetic field Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 774 (2016) 012155 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012155

5. A N Doludenko, S V Fortova and E E Son The Rayleigh–Taylor instability of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids Phys. Scr., 91 (2016) 104006 (9pp) (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/91/10/104006

6. A V Shurupov, M A Shurupov, A A Kozlov and A V Kotov Using of explosive technologies for development of a compact current-limiting device for operation on 110 kV class systems Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 774 (2016) 012079 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012079

7. A. Zhuk, Yu. Zeigarnik, E. Buzoverov and A. Sheindlin Managing peak loads in energy grids: Comparative economic analysis Energy Policy, Volume 88, Pages 39–44 (year - 2016)

8. A.D. Kiverin, I.S. Yakovenko, M.F. Ivanov On the structure and stability of supersonic hydrogen flames in channels Hydrogen Energy Publications, 41 (2016) 22465 -22478 (year - 2016)

9. Alkhimova M.A., Pikuz S.A., Faenov A.Ya., Skobelev I.Yu. Determination of spectral reflectivity of spherically bent mica crystals applied for diagnostics of relativistic laser plasmas Journal of Physics: Conference Series, volume 774, pages 012115 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012115

10. Andreev M.E., Pugachev L.P., Povarnitsyn M.E., Levashov P.R. Electron acceleration at grazing incidence of a subpicosecond intense laser pulse onto a plane solid target Laser and Particle Beams, Vol. 34, No 1, P. 115-122 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263034615001032

11. Aristova N.M., Belov G.V. Refining the Thermodynamic Functions of Scandium Triflouride ScF3 in the Condensed State Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 90, No. 3, pp. 700–703 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036024416030031

12. Ashitkov S.I., Komarov P.S. Ovchinnikov A.V., Struleva E.V. Agranat M.B. Прочность жидкого олова в условиях предельно высоких скоростей деформации при фемтосекундном лазерном воздействии Письма в ЖЭТФ, т.108, вып.8, стр. 611 – 616 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1134/S0021364016080038

13. Ashitkov S.I., Komarov P.S., Struleva E.V., Yurkevich A.A., Agranat M.B. Экспериментальные измерения оптических постоянных металлов, находящихся в двухтемпературном состоянии Теплофизика высоких температур, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp. 957–959 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.7868/S0040364416060028

14. Ashitkov S.I., Komarov P.S., Zhakhovsky V.V., Petrov Yu.V., Khokhlov V.A., Yurkevich A.A., Ilnitsky D.K., Inogamov N.A, Agranat M.B. Ablation of gold irradiated by femtosecond laser pulse: experiment and modeling Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 774 (2016) 012097 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012097

15. Batenin V. M., Zaichenko V.M., Molchanov D. A., Torchinskiy V. M. Двухфазная фильтрация многокомпонентных смесей с ретроградной областью фазовой диаграммы DOKLADY PHYSICS, - (year - 2017)

16. Belyaev G.E., Vasin A.A., Lisitsin A.V., Frolov A.M., Sheindlin M.A. Использование вермяпролетной масс-спектрометрии с лазерно-индуцированным испарением для детектирования малых примесей. Теплофизика высоких температур, - (year - 2017) https://doi.org/10.7868/S0040364416050082

17. Belyaev I. A., Zakharova O. D., Krasnoshchekova T. E., Sviridov V. G. , Sukomel L. A. Laboratory simulation of heat transfer in liquids with Pr > 1. Temperature field Thermal Engineering, March 2016, Volume 63, Issue 3, pp 214–221 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1134/S0040601516030010

18. Bgasheva T.V., Vervikishko P.S., Frolov A.M., Sheindlin M.A. Кристаллизация углерода из пара при давлениях до 0,6 ГПа Физическое образование в вузах, Т. 22, № 1С, стр 86-87 (year - 2016)

19. Bivol G.Yu., Golovastov S.V., Golub V.V Attenuation and recovery of detonation wave after passing through acoustically absorbing section in hydrogen-air mixture at atmospheric pressure Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, No. 43. Pp. 311-314 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2016.05.032

20. Bivol G.Yu., Golovastov S.V., Golub V.V. Attenuation of the detonation wave in hydrogen–air mixture Journal of Physics: Conference Series, V. 774, No. 1. Paper 012086 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012086

21. Bobrov V.B. О поперечной диэлектрической проницаемости вырожденной электронной плазмы Теплофизика высоких температур, - (year - 2016)

22. Boris Kichatov, Alexey Korshunov, Konstantin Son, Eduard Son Combustion of emulsion-based foam Combustion and Flame, 172 (2016) 162–172 (year - 2016)

23. Butlitsky M.A., Zelener B.B., Zelener B.V. Gas–liquid phase transition in modified pseudopotential and «shelf Coulomb» ultracold plasma models Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 774 (2016) 012159 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012159

24. Chigvintsev A.Y., Iosilevskiy I.L., Noginova L.Y. Pseudo-critical point in anomalous phase diagrams of simple plasma models Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Volume 774, paper 012019 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012019

25. D I Yusupov, Yu M Kulikov, M Kh Gadzhiev, A S Tyuftyaev and E E Son High-pressure ignition plasma torch for aerospace testing facilities Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 774 (2016) 012185 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012185

26. D’yachkov L.G. Плавный переход от спектральных линий к континууму в плотной плазме водорода Тепофизика высоких температур, Т. 54. № 1. С. 7-12 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.7868/S0040364416010014

27. D’yachkov L.G., Zelener B.V., Klyarfeld A.B., Bronin S.Y. Dipole–dipole interaction between Rydberg atoms Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 774 (2016) 012162 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012162

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108. Nishiuchi М., Sakaki H., Esirkepov T.Zh., Nishio K., Pikuz T.A., Faenov A.Ya., Skobelev I.Yu., Orlandi R., Pirozhkov A.S. et al. Towards a novel laser-driven method of exotic nuclei extraction−acceleration for fundamental physics and technology Plasma Physics Reports, volume 42, issue 4, pages 327–337 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063780X1604005X

109. Norman G.E., Pisarev V.V., Smirnov G.S., Stegailov V.V. Atomistic Modeling and Simulation for Solving Gas Extraction Problems Foundations of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, pp 137-151 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1128-3_9

110. Norman G.E., Saitov I.M. Fluid–fluid–solid triple point on melting curves at high temperatures Journal of Physics: Conference Series, V.774, P.012015 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012015

111. Oginov A.V., Kurilenkov Yu.K., Samoylov I. S., Shpakov K.V., Tarakanov V.P., Ostashev V.E., Rodionov A.А., Karpukhin V.T. Recent experimental study of DD fusion in the potential well of a virtual cathode at nanosecond vacuum discharge Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 774 (2016) 012131 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012131

112. Onufriev S.V., Savvatimskiy A.I. ОСОБЕННОСТИ ВЫСОКОТЕМПЕРАТУРНЫХ СВОЙСТВ ГРАФИТА HAPG В ОБЛАСТИ ПЛАВЛЕНИЯ High Temperature, Volume 54, Issue 4, pp 510–513 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1134/S0018151X16040155

113. P N Kazanskiy, I A Moralev, A V Efimov, A A Firsov and R E Karmatskiy Investigation of synthetic jet magnetohydrodynamic actuator Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 774 (2016) 012152 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012152

114. Pavlov S.V., Kislenko S.A. Effects of carbon surface topography on the electrode/electrolyte interface structure and relevance to Li–air batteries Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, V.18, P.30830-30836 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp05552d

115. Pelmenev A.A., Krushinskaya I.N., Bykhalo I.B., Boltnev R.E. On charged impurity structures in liquid helium Low Temperature Physics10, Том 42, выпуск 3, страницы 224-229 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4942760

116. Povarnitsyn M.E., Andreev N.E. A wide-range model for simulation of aluminum plasma produced by femtosecond laser pulses Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 774, No 1, P. 012105 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012105

117. Pugachev L. P., Andreev N. E., Levashov P. R., Rosmej O. N. Acceleration of electrons under the action of petawatt-class laser pulses onto foam targets Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, T. 829. – C. 88-93 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.02.053

118. Pugacheva D.V., Andreev N.E. Precession dynamics of the relativistic electron spin in laser-plasma acceleration Quantum Electronics, V.46, N. 1, P.88–93 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1070/QE2016v046n01ABEH015944

119. R. S. Berrya and B. M. Smirnov Interaction between Phases in the Liquid–Gas System Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, 2016, Vol. 123, No. 1, pp. 134–142 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063776116070153

120. Razuvanov N.G., Sviridov V.G, Sviridov E.V., Belyaev I.A., Pyatnitskaya N.Yu., Zagorsky V.S. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF LIQUID METAL HEAT TRANSFER IN A VERTICAL HEATED CHANNEL AFFECTED BY A COPLANAR MAGNETIC FIELD MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS, Vol. 52 (2016), No. 1-2, pp. 171-180 (year - 2016)

121. Romashevskiy S. A., Agranat M.B., Dmitriev A. S. Thermal Training of Functional Surfaces Fabricated with Femtosecond Laser Pulses High Temperature, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.,, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 461–465 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1134/S0018151X16030251

122. Romashevskiy S. A., Ashitkov S. I., Dmitriev A. S. Formation of Ordered Nano- and Mesostructures in Silicon Irradiated with a Single Femtosecond Laser Pulse in Different Environments Technical Physics Letters, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., ISSN 1063-7850, Vol. 42, No. 8, pp. 810–813 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063785016080150

123. Ryazantsev S.N., Skobelev I.Yu., Faenov A.Ya., Pikuz T.A., Grum-Grzhimailo A.N., Pikuz S.A. Diagnostics of recombining laser plasma parameters based on He-like ion resonance lines intensity ratios Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Volume 774, page 012116 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012116

124. Ryltsev R.E., Klumov B.A., Chtchelkatchev N.M., Shunyaev K.Yu. Cooling rate dependence of simulated Cu 64.5 Zr 35.5 metallic glass structure The Journal of Chemical Physics, V. 145, P. 034506 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4958631

125. S P Vetchinin, L M Vasilyak, V Ya Pecherkin, V A Panov and E E Son Spark discharge in conductive liquid with microbubbles Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 774 (2016) 012183 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012183

126. Saakyan S.A., Sautenkov V.A., Zelener B.B. Energy intervals between Rydberg states nD and nF in lithium-7 Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 774 (2016) 012165 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012165

127. Savvatimskiy A.I., Onufriev S.V., Kondratyev A.M. Capabilities of pulse current heating to study the properties of graphite at elevated pressures and at high temperatures (up to 5000 K) CARBON, Vol. 98, page 534-536 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.11.044

128. Senchenko V.N., Belikov R.S., Popov V.S. Experimental investigation of thermophysical properties of eutectic Mo–C, graphite and tantalum at high temperatures Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Volume 774, paper 012020 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012020

129. Shumova V.V., Polyakov D.N. and Vasilyak L.M. Direct current discharge with microparticles: The electrical characteristics and the plasma trap parameters Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 774 (2016) 012182 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012182

130. Smirnov B.M. Greenhouse effect in the atmosphere EPL, 114 (2016) 24005 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/114/24005

131. Smirnov G.S., Stegailov V.V. Anomalous diffusion of guest molecules in hydrogen gas hydrates High Temperature, Vol. 53, No. 6, pp. 829–836 (year - 2015) https://doi.org/10.1134/S0018151X15060188

132. Stegailov V.V., Orekhov N.D., Smirnov G.S. HPC Hardware Efficiency for Quantum and Classical Molecular Dynamics Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 9251, pp 469-473 (year - 2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21909-7_45

133. Stepanov S.V., Sheindlin M.A. Статистический анализ результатов измерений в многоволновой пирометрии ТЕПЛОФИЗИКА ВЫСОКИХ ТЕМПЕРАТУР, - (year - 2017)

134. Stroev N.E., Iosilevskiy I.L. Features of non-congruent phase transition in modified Coulomb model of the binary ionic mixture Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Volume 774, paper 012040 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012040

135. Syrovatka R.A., Deputatova L.V., Filinov V.S., Lapitsky D.S, Pecherkin V.Ya., Vasilyak L.M., Vladimirov V.I. Charge and Mass Measurements of a Dust Particle in the Linear Quadrupole Trap Contrib. Plasma Phys., Том: 56. Выпуск: 5. Стр.: 419-424 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1002/ctpp.201500131

136. Syrovatka R.A., Deputatova L.V., Filinov V.S., Lapitsky D.S., Pecherkin V.Ya., Vasilyak L.M., Vladimirov V.I. Charged particles confinement condition in a microparticle electrodynamic ion trap Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 774 (2016) 012179 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012179

137. Syrovatka R.A., Vasilyak L.M., Deputatova L.V., Filinov V.S., Lapitsky D.S., Pecherkin V.Ya., Vladimirov V. I. Coulomb Structure with a Large Number of Particles in the Dynamic Trap at Atmospheric Pressure Contrib. Plasma Phys., 1 – 6 (2016), Том: 56. Выпуск: 3-4 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1002/ctpp.201500112

138. V A Panov, L M Vasilyak, S P Vetchinin, V Ya Pecherkin and E E Son Pulsed electrical discharge in conductive solution J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 49 (2016) 385202 (9pp) (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/49/38/385202

139. V A Petukhov, N P Bublik, P A Gusev, L D Gutkin, O I Solntsev The formation of ignition centers before the front of spherical flame in hydrogen–air mixtures under intense initiation Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 774 (2016) 012082 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012082

140. V E Fortov, V P Smirnov, E E Son, Yu A Bykov, E V Grabovskiy, A N Gribov, G M Oleinik and A S Saveliev Experimental modeling of lightning strike in soil Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 774 (2016) 012134 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012134

141. V P Efremov, M F Ivanov, A D Kiverin and I S Yakovenko Shock-wave processes evolution in fused quartz under intense energy action Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 774 (2016) 012119 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012119

142. V. A. Panov, L. M. Vasilyak, S. P. Vetchinin, V. Ya. Pecherkin, and E. E. Son Spark Channel Propagation in a Microbubble Liquid Plasma Physics Reports, Vol. 42, No. 11, pp. 1074–1077. (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063780X16110064

143. Vecher V.S., Nikolskiy V.P., Stegailov V.V. Соотношение между энергопотреблением и производительностью для GPU-алгоритмов молекулярной динамики Russian Supercomputing Days: Proceedings of the international conference (September 26-27, 2016, Moscow, Russia), стр. 660-672 (year - 2016)

144. Vervikishko D. E., Chirkov Yu. G., Rostokin V. I., Shkol'nikov E. I. The role of macropores in the structure of a porous electrode in the electrochemical double layer capacitor: modeling and experiments Nanomechanics Science and Technology: An International Journal, Volume 7, Issue 1, p. 37-59 (year - 2016)

145. Vervikishko D. E., Shkol'nikov E. I., Yanilkin I. V., Chirkov Yu. G., Rostokin V. I. Влияние режимов синтеза активированного угля из древесины на его пористую структуру и удельные характеристики двойнослойных суперконденсаторов с электролитом на основе серной кислоты Электрохимия, - (year - 2017)

146. Vervikishko P.S., Frolov A.M., Sheindlin M.A. Анализ компонент паров карбида циркония при температурах выше 3500 К Физическое образование в ВУЗах, т22 вып. 1С. стр86-87 (year - 2016)

147. Veysman M.E., Andreev N.E. Comparative study of laser pulses guiding in capillary waveguides and plasma channels at conditions of non-perfect focusing Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 774, No 1, P. 012109 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012109

148. Vorob’ev V. S., Apfelbaum E. M. The application of the Zeno line similarities to alkaline earth metals Journal of Molecular Liquids, - (year - 2016)

149. Yu M Kulikov and E E Son The CABARET method for a weakly compressible fluid flows in one- and two-dimensional implementations Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 774 (2016) 012094 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012094

150. Zaichenko V.M., Molchanov D.A., Torchinskiy V.M. Experimental study of two-phase filtration regimes of methane -n-pentane mixture Journal of Phisics: Conference Series, Vol.774 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012042

151. Zelener B.B., Zelener B.V., Manykin E.A., Bronin S.Y., Bobrov A.A. On electron–proton energy exchange in strong magnetic field Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 774 (2016) 012161 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012161

152. Zikanov O., Listratov Ya. Numerical investigation of MHD heat transfer in a vertical round tube affected by transverse magnetic field Fusion Engineering and Design, Available online 9 November 2016 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2016.10.017

153. Savvatimskii, A. I., Onufriev S. V. МЕТОД И ТЕХНИКА ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ВЫСОКОТЕМПЕРАТУРНЫХ СВОЙСТВ ПРОВОДЯЩИХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ В ИНТЕРЕСАХ ЯДЕРНОЙ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ Ядерная физика и инжиниринг, том 6, № 11–12, с. 622–642 (year - 2016) https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079562915060135

154. X. Lua, G.V. Naidis c, M. Laroussi d, S. Reuter e, D.B. Graves f, K. Ostrikov Reactive species in non-equilibrium atmospheric-pressure plasmas: Generation, transport, and biological effects Physics Reports, 630 (2016) 1–84 (year - 2016)

155. - Устройство крепления тугоплавких материалов внутри камеры высокого давления для экспериментов с лазерным нагревом -, RU162207U1 (year - )

Annotation of the results obtained in 2017
Recommendations for efficient and safe oxygen-hydrogen steam generators construction are developed. The route for nitrogen oxides generation during combustion products mixing with air is defined. Measures to decrease nitrogen oxides production are proposed. Optimal parameters for air-hydrogen energy storage system are calculated. Vessel-free aluminum-air fuel cell design with cylindrical electrodes is developed and tested, showing high specific parameters. Electrode materials for power sources and energy storage devices are produced at laboratory scale. Their testing showed high specific energy and cycling resource parameters. Optimal conditions for gas hydrate formation from time, human and material resources point of view are defined. New experimental reactor for methane hydration is developed. Mathematical model is verified and upgraded after experimental results analysis. Using this model numerical simulation was conducted for hydrocarbon mixtures filtration process. Solar charge controllers and inverters operation in different weather conditions has been investigated. It was shown that during low insolation periods of the year (autumn, winter) pulse-width-modulation controller larger energy production than maximum power point tracking one. It is important for autonomous power units in northern conditions. Experiments were performed to study the MHD heat transfer in magnetic fields up to 2.7 Tesla. For the first time we obtained experimental data on MHD heat transfer of liquid metals with Hartman numbers to 1300. We have received the first ideas about the specifics of the MHD heat transfer fluids with Prandtl number greater than 1 (simulating a salt melt) in the range of Hartmann numbers up to 14, no significant changes in the characteristics of heat transfer or the occurrence of the pulsating flow of the coolant. The developed method and numerical simulation of unsteady hydrodynamic phenomena in plane channels in a coplanar magnetic field have been done. Performed assessment of the possible thermomechanical stresses in real projects heat exchangers on the basis of available experimental data. Measurements of the viscosity of shock-compressed melted lead-bismuth C13 eutectic alloy have been carried out for the first time. The viscosity increases by four orders of magnitude at 10 GPa of the shock pressure. The dynamic tensile strength (the spall strength) of the C13 alloy have been measured in its solid and liquid states. The spall strength of melted alloy is five times less than that in the solid state. New data about solidification of water under dynamic compression and about applicability of unified description of shock compression rates of solids and liquids have been obtained in a course of development of experimental methods. A series of experiments on the study of the spherical propagation of a flame in a hydrogen-air mixture in volumes from 1 l to 30 m^3; hemispherical flame propagation in the volume of 4.5 m^3; decrease in the velocity of the hemispherical propagation of the flame in a volume of 4.5 m^3. The scales and rates of growth of the main instabilities that determine the acceleration of the flame front are analytically obtained and calculated analytically. A decrease in the velocity of the flame front during the propagation over the layer of the absorbing material 1.8 - 2.5 times was observed. A study of the absorbing material after the passage of the flame front, thermal calculations were made of the energy absorption by a layer of absorbing material was made. Calculations of the main instabilities determining the acceleration of the flame front have been carried out. The fractal characteristics of the flame front, the scale and growth rate of the main instabilities are calculated. A special technology based on direct synthesis was elaborated for manufacturing samples of zirconium and hafnium carbides. The samples composition and impurities was determined using modern technology based on high-temperature methods of chemical analysis and electron microscopy with an EDX analyzer. An advanced optical method for detecting the solidus transition for nonstoichiometric carbides has been developed. Solidus and liquidus lines for zirconium and hafnium carbides were studied both in the domain of solid solution and in the superstoichiometric domain of the MeC-C mixture to confirm the reliability of the temperature measurements by polychromatic pyrometry. A good agreement was found between the experimental data for zirconium carbide and its presently adopted phase diagram. The temperatures of congruent melting of super-refractory carbides are determined to be 3828 15 К for ZrC and 422015 К for HfC. New data are obtained on the yield stress, shear strength and tensile strength of chromium and molybdenum in the condensed state at extremely high strain rates. The peculiarities of the surface nanolayer ablation of substance under the influence of electron pressure have been studied theoretically and experimentally. New data on the temperature dependence of the strength of liquid tantalum under isochoric heating by femtosecond laser pulses are obtained. Experimental studies of delayed fast electrons spectra from femtosecond laser-plasma reveal internal conversion decay of the 6.237 keV nuclear isomeric state in 181Ta A comparative study of the characteristics of electron bunches accelerated in waveguides and plasma channels is carried out. Analytical expressions are obtained for estimating of characteristics of electron bunch, that is generated by a laser pulse propagating through a boundary of semi-bounded plasma. Dependence of the dynamics of the electron bunch characteristics on various matching conditions in the process of multistage acceleration is investigated. The wide-range models of reflectivity for simple (aluminum, sodium) and precious metals (silver, gold) are constructed. These models can be used to describe optical properties over a wide range of laser radiation frequencies, taking into account interband and intraband transitions. The process of acceleration of dust particles in plasma flows has been experimentally studied. Investigated the interaction of an electron beam with a plasma-dust structure formed in a RF-discharge. Investigated features of the process of deposition of coatings on dust particles during electron beam evaporation of targets of various materials in electron-beam and hybrid RF plasma. We have conducted the experiments to study the conditions of formation and stability of quasi-two-dimensional dusty clusters in RF-discharge. The data connecting the number of particles in a cluster and its stability in laboratory conditions are obtained. The excitation and damping of vibrations in Coulomb systems of dust particles is studied experimentally. The process of formation of Mo atoms under photo-dissociation of Mo (CO)6 was studied, the time profiles of Mo concentration were measured, the rate constants of quenching of electronically excited Mo atoms were determined, and the kinetic mechanism of growth of molybdenum clusters in various gases was developed. Molybdenum-carbon nanoparticles were synthesized in the photolysis of Mo (CO)6 with CH4, C2H2, C6H6, C4H9OH, C7H8. The influence of the hydrocarbon type, its molar fraction and the number of laser pulses on the size and structure of molybdenum-carbon nanoparticles was studied. It is shown that decomposition of hydrocarbons takes place at room temperature using a Mo nanocatalyst. Preliminary experiments were conducted on a unique stand for ultracold Li-7 and Ca-40 atoms. The data about kinetic and structural properties of the gas of Rydberg atoms and nonideal plasma Li-7 and Ca-40 in a magneto-optical trap were obtained. The carried out experiments, theoretical analysis and modeling have shown that pulsating neutron yield regimes can in the future provide the greatest efficiency of nuclear fusion (or thermonuclear gain Q) in the scheme of inertial electrostatic confinement (IEС) based on a nanosecond vacuum discharge (NVD). Extreme states of matter created in interaction of relativistic laser pulses of record intensities (10^21-10^22 W/cm^2) with solid, nanostructured and gas cluster targets are studied experimentally. Several approaches to optimize X-ray and ion yield and conversion efficiency in these plasma conditions are developed and validated. By use of X-ray spectroscopy diagnostics previously predicted nonlinear effects in relativistic laser plasma are confirmed leading to the increase in X-ray yield and X-ray spectra modification. For the first time the melting temperature of graphite has been measured using direct diagnostics of the thermal expansion, pressure and temperature of a graphite sample homogeneously heated by an electrical current pulse. The values of the melting temperature of graphite obtained in this work, T = 6200 ± 200 K, turned out to be 1000 K higher than the literature data obtained from an incomplete diagnostics of the heating process. An explicit analytical expression is obtained for the transverse permittivity of a Maxwellian plasma with allowance for quantum effects. A relationship between the thermodynamic properties of a one-component quantum gas and the two-particle Green's function outside the framework of perturbation theory is established. Within the framework of the completely gravitationally neutral universe model the gravitational-optical method is proposed for recognizing gravitationally positively and negatively charged far-distant clusters. In the project the main hydroelectromagnetic models of tornado have been reviewed. The authors have researched the model considering joint influence of lightning discharges, air temperature and humidity, latent condensation heat on vorticity generation. For ultralow temperatures (T <1 K), an expression is obtained for the coefficient of triple collision recombination, which changes with temperature in the formula known in the literature. Data on transition metals and semiconductors are added to a database of parameters of critical points. For a plasma fluid (supercritical vapors of metals) the free energy considering processes of thermal ionization and ionization by pressure is offered. This leads to emergence of the electron jellium – a new plasma component. The new approach based on Wigner formulation of quantum mechanics for treatment of thermodynamic properties of non ideal systems of particles in phase space and allowing to avoid ’sign’ problem has been developed. This new approach allows to analyze the influence of strong interparticle interaction on the momentum distribution functions under extreme conditions, when there are no small physical parameters and analytical approximations obtained in different kind of perturbation theories can not be applied. Fermi statistical effects are accounted for by derived effective pair pseudopotential. Derived pseudopotential depends on coordinates, momenta and degeneracy parameter of fermions and takes into account Pauli blocking of fermions in phase space. To test the developed approach calculations of the momentum distribution functions and pair correlation functions of the degenerate ideal and strongly correlated system of Fermi particles has been carried out in a good agreement with analytical Fermi distributions and available pair correlation functions. Comparison of obtained momentum distribution function of strongly correlated Coulomb systems of particles with Maxwell – Boltzmann and Fermi distributions shows the significant influence of interparticle interaction both at small momenta and in the high energy quantum ’tails’. Specific thermophysical properties of refractory metals and graphite are investigated in detail at high rates of heating in the region of melting and the liquid phase. Quantum-mechanical calculations of thermodynamic and optical characteristics of plasmas of metals and tungsten carbide (Ti, Mo, K, Na, WC and others) at high energy densities are carried out; wide-range equations of state for the materials are built with taking into account new theoretical results and experimental data. Two-dimensional multicomponent magnetohydrodynamic model for investigation of processes of hydrodynamic instabilities at electrical explosion of cylinder wires in water is elaborated. The theory that allows explaining the effect of the phases separation in the binary dusty plasma has been developed. This effect is that the smaller particles are spontaneously go to the region near the void boundary but the bigger particles are located at the periphery. It has been discovered experimentally a change of a dependence character of an ordering degree of the large 3D dusty plasma system upon the ion density. It has been suggested the explanation of a formation of highly anisotropic dusty plasma structures in the direct current discharge in the presence of the uniform external field. It has been shown that at high pressures (when the interaction of particles is determined by the repulsive part of the potential) all substances (including melts and dusty plasma) have the similar structure of the short-range orientational order. The interaction potentials of colliding charged spherical particles in a radio-frequency gas discharge plasma in the approximation of a screened Coulomb potential with power asymptotic are restored. It has been shown that at high pressures all substances including melts and dusty plasma have the similar structure of the short-range orientational order. We have developed a model to calculate the thermophysical properties of partially-ionized low temperature plasma of Zn and Ti in the temperature  10 kK and densities less than the critical one. In this paper, we report on results from a computational investigation of nanosecond pulsed surface discharges of positive and negative polarity using a 2D fluid and fluid-Monte Carlo simulation. Computational model has been developed to numerically simulate three-dimensional hypersonic flows. Based on the theoretical and experimental studies that were conducted on the modernized experimental stand, an effective megawatt two-node generator of low-temperature argon plasma was created. Current research is devoted to study the influence of surface heating on the unsteadiness of turbulent boundary layer separation. As part of the work in 2017 the patterns of combustion and explosion evolution were analyzed for the conditions of gaseous combustibles accidental release into the confinement of industrial buildings. It is shown that under zero-gravity conditions the flame is stable, while external gravitational forces cause instability of the interface between the combustion products and the surrounding air, which leads to pulsations of the flame front. The membership of the CABARET scheme to the class Implict LES methods is shown. On the basis of the conducted studies of the development of an electric discharge in water, it was found that with a decrease in the conductivity, the mechanism of the development of the discharge changes. The results of experimental modeling of lightning current spreading process in the sandy ground are presented. Calculations of the motion of a multi-phase medium around a RAMCII have been performed with account of phase transfer and heterogeneous chemical reactions. Experimental tests of the current-limiting device prototype for a voltage class up to 110 kV. In 2017, the hybrid Desmos supercomputer has been put into the production mode. This supercomputer has been built based on the Angara interconnect produced by JSC NICEVT. This HPC system is the first example in Russia of the successful import replacement for the supercomputer hardware that plays the crucial role in the supercomputer efficiency. The Desmos supercomputer has accelerated significantly the wide spectrum of research of this part of the Project. The results have been obtained devoted to the description of nuclear technology materials, to the kinetics of carbon nanostructures formation, to the mechanical properties of nanocomposites, to the diffusion of impurities in super-pure materials, to the phase diagrams and transport properties of gas-liquid mixtures of hydrocarbons as well as hydrocarbon liquids. New approaches for warm dense matter modeling and simulations have been developed. New standards and classification rules have been proposed for objects and properties of nanomaterials data to be published in the Internet.

Publications

1. A I Schastlivtsev, V I Borzenko Hydrogen-oxygen steam generator applications for increasing the efficiency, maneuverability and reliability of power production IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, 891(1): p. 012213 (year - 2017) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/891/1/012213

2. A. I. Krikunova and E. E. Son Effect of Gravity on Premixed Methane–Air Flames ТВТ, High Temperature. 2018 (in print) (year - 2017) https://doi.org/10.1134/S0018151X18010236

3. A. I. Krikunova, E. E. Son, K. V. Klinkov, and C. Eigenbrod Влияние гравитационных сил на процессы горения Прикладная физика, Прикладная физика, 2017, № 3 (year - 2017)

4. A. S. Larkin V. S. Filinov Phase Space Path Integral Representation for Wigner Function Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 2017, 5, 392-411 (year - 2017) https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2017.52035

5. A.V.Kotlyar, T.E.Krasnoschekova, L.A. Sukomel , I.A.Belyaev , E.V. Sviridov , V.G. Sviridov TURBULENT MHD HEAT TRANSFER IN LIQUIDS WITH THE PRANDTL NUMBER Pr>1 MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS, Vol. 53 (2017), No. 3, pp. 483–494 (year - 2017)

6. Alkhimova M.A., Faenov A.Ya., Pikuz T.A. X-ray emission from stainless steel foils irradiated by femtosecond petawatt laser pulses Journal of Physics Conference Series, - (year - 2018)

7. Antropov A.S., Fidanyan K.S., Stegailov V.V. Phonon density of states for solid uranium: Accuracy of the embedded atom model classical interatomic potential Journal of Physics: Conference Series, - (year - 2018)

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107. Yu M Kulikov and E E Son Kelvin–Helmholz instability in thermoviscous free shear flow IOP Conference Series, - (year - 2017)

108. Yu P Ivochkin ,V P Monastyrskiy A thermomechanical model for the fragmentation of a liquid metal droplet cooled by water IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics, Conf. Series 891 (2017) 012130 (year - 2017) https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/891/1/012130

109. Yurkevich A.A. Specifics of d-metals (Au) emission in case of non-equilibrium heating of electrons and lattice with femtosecond laser pulses JOURNAL OF PHYSICS: CONFERENCE SERIES, - (year - 2018)

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112. Zhukhovitskii D.I. Driving force for a nonequilibrium phase transition in three-dimensional complex plasmas PHYSICS OF PLASMAS, том.24, стр.033709 (year - 2017) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4978561

113. Zobnin A.V. Potential distribution around charged particle in a collisional weakly ionized plasma in an external electric field Journal of Physics: Conference Series (JPCS), - (year - 2018)

114. Smirnov B.M. Металлические наноструктуры от кластеров к наноктализу и сенсорам УФН, УФН 187(12). с.1329-1365 (year - 2017)

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116. Yu K Kurilenkov, S Yu Gus’kov, V T Karpukhin, A V Oginov and I S Samoylov On nuclear DD synthesis at the initial stage of nanosecond vacuum discharge with deuterium-loaded Pd anode Journal of Physics: Conference Series, - (year - 2018)