INFORMATION ABOUT PROJECT,
SUPPORTED BY RUSSIAN SCIENCE FOUNDATION
The information is prepared on the basis of data from the information-analytical system RSF, informative part is represented in the author's edition. All rights belong to the authors, the use or reprinting of materials is permitted only with the prior consent of the authors.
COMMON PART
Project Number21-18-00518
Project titleCINEMA-ATLAS of the USSR: the experiment of multinational state's positioning
Project LeadGolovnev Ivan
AffiliationPeter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences,
Implementation period | 2021 - 2023 |
Research area 08 - HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES, 08-102 - Ethnology and anthropology
KeywordsEthnographic Film, Visual Anthropology, History of the USSR
PROJECT CONTENT
Annotation
In the 1920s – 1930s in the USSR a synchronous actualization of ethnography and the means of visualization of ethnographic knowledge in the form of ethnographic cinema are considered to be. The quintessence of research and film-production approaches was a project that had no analogues in world history. This project was launched at the initiative of the Central Committee of the party as a "Cinema-Atlas of the USSR" and assumed the creation of a 150-part film almanac about the nationalities and regions of the country. Ethnographic solidity, cinematic poetry as well as Marxist philosophy were combined in this unique phenomenon, the nature and properties of which have not been fully understood yet.
It is believed that visual anthropology is a new direction, formed firstly in North American science (in the middle of the 20th century), and later in Russian science (at the turn of the 1980s – 1990s). However, significant examples of theoretical understanding of the role of visual (film and photo) technologies and their practical application in the national science on peoples have a century-long history. On the one hand, scientists (V.G.Bogoraz, L.L. Kapitsa, N.M. Matorin, B.M.Sokolov, N.F. Yakovlev, etc.) were mastering the cinematic potential for scientific purposes. On the other hand, cinematographers experimented on an exotic ethnographic field (A.I.Bek-Nazarov, Dziga Vertov, M.K.Kalatozov, B.M. Nebylytsky, A.M. Room, E.I. Svilova, M.Ya. Slutsky , V.L. Stepanov, etc.). Effective scientific and creative tandems were formed (M.S. Andreev - V.A. Erofeev, V.K. Arseniev - A.A. Litvinov, Kh.D. Oshaev - N.A. Lebedev, O.Yu. Schmidt - V.A. Shneiderov, N.F. Yakovlev - A.N. Terskoy). This phenomenon also had a political background - the course of the national policy of "indigenization", which corresponds to the position of the Bolshevik revolutionary agenda regarding " the right of nations to self-determination". Cinema was used by the Soviet regime as an effective tool for constructing a screen image of a multinational, diverse, and progressively developing country under socialism. The peak of this development is on the five-year cultural revolution (1928–1932), when the "Cinema-Atlas of the USSR" project was officially launched and became a strong impetus that mobilized the scientific and cinematographic community for joint activities.
Leading Soviet film studios and research institutions launched a socialist competition on film expeditions to various parts of the Union ("Through the Ussuri Area", "Unknown land (Kamchatka)", "Hunting and Reindeer Practice in the Komi region", "On the Shores and Islands of the Barents Sea" , "Salt for Svanetia", "Country of Golds", "Tungus people", "On the Shores of the Chukotka Sea", etc.). Wherever a new national republic or region was born, wherever the jubilee of those was celebrated, a scientific and cinematographic group immediately arose to create a new film atlas series ("Birobidzhan", "Kabardino-Balkarian Region at the October 10th Anniversary", "In the Homeland of Kalevala", "Land of the Nakhcho", "Festival of Tuva", "Sixth part of the World", etc.). It is known that cinema influenced the audience much more than any other media. Therefore, the series filmed in the Far East, Caucasus, Siberia, became a literal discovery of the country's outskirts for the population of the capitals and central regions, and vice versa - a movie journey was the only opportunity for many residents of remote regions to see the “mainland”. Live screen images supported ideological inspiration, and created a feeling of involvement of the country's citizens in the common task of building a new life throughout the Union. In the conditions of the unstable political course in the USSR, the project was not completed. Therefore the scattered across various archives pages of the "Cinema-Atlas" need to be searched, collected, analyzed, summarized and introduced into scientific circulation. This large-scale work is viewed as the subject for this research project. The first hypothesis is to test the position that in the 1920s – 1930s a distinctive direction of ethnographic cinema was formed in the USSR. This direction was a complex of theoretical and practical experiments as well as reflected the specifics of the search for the matrix of “Marxist ethno-films” (the term of V.G. Bogoraz). The second hypothesis: these films, put together, really formed a large ethnographic and geographic Cinema-Atlas of the Soviet Union.
The materials of the "Cinema-Аtlas of the USSR" contain a double scientific discovery. On the one hand, these archival documents represent a corpus of unexplored research sources for a wide range of humanitarian disciplines (Russian history, Visual Anthropology, Ethnography). On the other hand, they reveal detailed theoretical, practical and methodological recommendations for creating ethnographic films, forms of interaction between ethnographers and filmmakers, and formats for the presentation of scientific knowledge.
The project considers the traditional forms of studying and popularizing visual materials as well as innovative research-visual "reconstruction" of the Soviet Cinema-Atlas in a modern multimedia application. The results of the project are relevant in contemporary educational courses on ethnology, history and visual anthropology, scientific presentations, museum exhibitions and other humanitarian programs.
Expected results
The expected result of the project is an analysis of the original development of Russian visual ethnography at the beginning of the 20th century as well as the composition of the works that combined cinematographic and scientific research. This project seeks to verify a complete source base (archival materials, historical and modern research) illustrated by visual documents for positioning the USSR as a multinational state.
The project contributes to our understanding of a set of practical and theoretical approaches of scientists and filmmakers in ethnographic cinema as well as opens to modern researchers the methods of fixation and popularization of unknown archive scientific knowledge.
The relevance of the project is the analysis of comparable Russian and foreign experiences, and the identification of their common and special features associated with historical and modern trends in the development of science in different countries.
The scientific significance of the project is also the introduction into the scientific circulation of a corpus of unique historical sources - the digitized archives of the "Cinema-Atlas of the USSR".
The scattered materials of the Soviet "cinema-atlas" will be brought together for the first time and analyzed in the socio-cultural and ideological context of their time. They will be also interpreted as a phenomenon of visual self-presentation of the USSR within the country and abroad.
The theme of the project covers many topical subjects: media presentation of ethnicity and identity, interethnic interaction and popularization of cultural heritage, and harmonization of interethnic relations.
During the implementation of the project, research work will be carried out in Russian and foreign archives and museums. Project materials will be presented at scientific congresses, conferences and film festivals of Russian and international level. As a result of the project, it is planned to publish at least 20 publications in leading Russian and foreign journals on history, ethnography and visual anthropology (including 11 publications indexed in the WoS or SCOPUS databases (including 5 publications in journals included in Q1).
A significant result of the project will be the creation of a cumulative Internet channel "Cinema-Atlas of the USSR", which will host the films themselves, annotations and titles to them. This project also makes the case for the electronic media - an interactive map of the USSR with the ability to activate archival film materials for individual regions as well as include thematic text information (in Russian and English).
The materials of the project will be demanded in the scientific and methodological activities of institutions of science, education, and culture. The results of the project can be used by the administrative structures of the Russian Federation in order to prepare a strategy for the development of regions in the field of migration, ethnic and confessional policy, ensuring security in the field of interethnic relations, addressing issues of preservation and popularization of historical and cultural heritage. Certain aspects of the project can be taken into account in fundamental programs to counter terrorism and xenophobia. The results of the work can also have commercial implementation in area of cultural heritage, the tourism industry, the development of image projects for the regions of the Russian Federation as well as museum programs, photo exhibitions, film and television programs, commercial media products.
REPORTS
Annotation of the results obtained in 2023
In accordance with the announced annual plan, in January–December 2023, work continued on research, processing, interdisciplinary analysis and introduction into humanitarian circulation of theoretical and practical developments of scientists, cinematographers, photographers of the early Soviet period in terms of constructing a Cinema-Atlas of the Soviet Union in the context of parallel transformations in science, culture and ideology of the 1920s-1930s.
1. Continued research activities in the funds of state and regional archives and museums of Russia (MAE RAS, the State Archive of the Arkhangelsk Region, the State Archive of the Omsk Region, the State Central Museum of Cinema, Gosfilmofond of the Russian Federation, the State Museum of the History of the Far East, the State Archive of Dagestan, the National Museum of the Chechen Republic, the Russian State Archive of Film and Photo Documents, the Central State Archive literature and art), studies were conducted in the film and photo libraries of foreign countries (Belarus, China, Uzbekistan), including online resources;
2. The ongoing complex work on the locations of the creation of films of the project «Cinema-Atlas of the USSR» – conducting expedition interviews, studying private archives of descendants of participants of scientific campaigns and filming – covered the following territories: the Middle Urals, Kamchatka Region, Primorsky Region, Sakhalin Region, Arkhangelsk Region, the Republic of Dagestan, the Chechen Republic;
3. The thematic block «Theories and practices of Soviet visual ethnography» was formed in the journal «Ethnography» (included in the registers of SCOPUS, WoS, RSCI) with the articles of the project participants;
4. Following the results of the third year of work and systematization of the received materials, a series of (15) scientific articles was published (icluding 6 SCOPUS/Web of Science) in the leading peer-reviewed journals of the humanities on the subject of research, as well as manuscripts (4) have been prepared for the prospect of their registration in the form of a general thematic scientific monograph;
5. A round table «Cinema-Atlas of the USSR»: the experience of positioning a multi-ethnic state» was held within the framework of the XV Congress of Anthropologists and Ethnologists of Russia (MAE «Kunstkamera» of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg State University, June 26-29, 2023, St. Petersburg);
6. A part of the content was prepared for the Internet channel and multimedia application «Cinema-Atlas of the USSR» (films, newsreels, photo documents, texts dedicated to the visualization of images of the regions of the Soviet Union);
7. The results of the project were presented at Russian and international scientific conferences and film festivals (18), including the Congress of Anthropologists and Ethnologists of Russia (XV CAER);
8. Video editing of presentation audio-visual works (videos, films) from the collected project materials (films, newsreels, photographs, text publications, archival manuscripts, captions, etc.) was carried out;
9. The project content was uploaded to the network, the launch and presentation of a special playlist «Cinema-Atlas of the USSR» on the thematic Internet-Channel: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAjm0CyI7KX_6TVuX9JUxHRzFeUeaX67m
10. The range of works performed was summed up, options for theoretical and practical application of the project materials were outlined, and possible prospects for continuing studies of visual history and ethnography in Russia were formulated.
An interdisciplinary analysis of archival visual and textual documents, periodical press materials, and contemporary testimonies convincingly showed that the series of the great Soviet Cinema-Atlas, created according to a similar scenario matrix, primarily reflected changes in the course of socialist construction in the 1920s and 1930s, and concentrated the attention of society (inside and outside the USSR) on progressive phenomena which took place during the Sovietization of the multinational and diverse Soviet community. However, in addition to the implementation of political state tasks, the creation of a visual chronicle of the country has become a significant program that brought together prominent figures of science and cinema in the activity, largely thanks to which an original direction of ethno-geographical cinema was formed in the domestic environment, expressed in a palette of theoretical and practical experiences that are in demand in a wide range of modern research and creative practices.
The specific scientific results of the second year of project research have been published in 15 articles in scientific publications indexed in the international databases WoS and Scopus, included in the RSCI and the list of the Higher Attestation Commission. The materials of the project were presented in 18 reports and presentations by the project participants at international and All-Russian scientific forums and film festivals, including the thematic round table "Cinema-Atlas of the USSR: the experience of positioning a multi-ethnic state", organized by the project participants within the framework of the XV Congress of Anthropologists and Ethnologists of Russia in St. Petersburg.
Publications
1. Belyaeva-Sachuk V.A., Ivanov D.V. Культурфильма «По Бурято-Монголии» - кинофиксация советско-германской экспедиции по изучению сифилиса в Бурятии Этнография, - (year - 2024)
2. Golovnev I.A. Киноатлас СССР: «На реке Агане» Вестник угроведения, Головнев И.А. Киноатлас СССР: «На реке Агане» // Вестник угроведения. 2023. № 3. С. 538–548 (year - 2023) https://doi.org/10.30624/2220-4156-2023-13-3-538-548
3. Golovnev I.A. Киноатлас СССР: проект и процесс Труды отделения историко-филологических наук РАН, Головнев И.А. Киноатлас СССР: проект и процесс / Труды отделения историко-филологических наук РАН. Москва: РАН, 2023. 364 с. С 193–206 (year - 2023)
4. Golovnev I.A. Визуальная этнография Владимира Арсеньева Кунсткамера, Головнев И.А. Визуальная этнография Владимира Арсеньева // Кунсткамера. 2022. № 4 (18). С. 155–172 (year - 2023) https://doi.org/10.31250/2618-8619-2022-4(18)-155-172
5. Golovnev I.A. Дальний Восток в кинодокументах А.З. Кушешвили Гуманитарные исследования в Восточной Сибири и на Дальнем Востоке, Головнев И.А. Дальний Восток в кинодокументах А.З. Кушешвили // Гуманитарные исследования в Восточной Сибири и на Дальнем Востоке. 2023. № 3. С. 94–103 (year - 2023) https://doi.org/10.24866/1997-2857/2023-3/94-103
6. Golovnev I.A., Golovneva E.V. Киноатлас СССР: фильм «Урал» (по архивным документам 1930-х гг.) Отечественные архивы, Головнев И.А., Головнева Е.В. Киноатлас СССР: фильм «Урал» (по архивным документам 1930-х гг.) // Отечественные архивы. 2023. № 4. С. 45–51 (year - 2023)
7. Golovnev I.A., Golovneva E.V. Киноатлас СССР: «Бухара» (1927) Томский журнал лингвистических и антропологических исследований, Головнев И.А., Головнева Е.В. Киноатлас СССР: «Бухара» (1927) // Томский журнал лингвистических и антропологических исследований. 2023. № 2 (40). С. 90–99 (year - 2023) https://doi.org/10.23951/2307-6119-2023-2-90-99
8. Golovnev I.A., Golovneva E.V. «Киноатлас СССР»: концепция М.В. Налетного. По архивным материалам 1920-х гг. Вестник архивиста, Головнев И.А., Головнева Е.В. «Киноатлас СССР»: концепция М.В. Налетного. По архивным материалам 1920-х гг. // Вестник архивиста. 2023. № 3. С. 739–752 (year - 2023) https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2023-3-739-752
9. Golovneva E.V. Антирелигиозный фильм в СССР (по материалам кинопериодики конца 1920-х – начала 1930-х гг.) Религиоведение, Головнева Е.В. Антирелигиозный фильм в СССР (по материалам кинопериодики конца 1920-х – начала 1930-х гг.) // Религиоведение. 2023. № 3. С. 150–159 (year - 2023) https://doi.org/10.22250/20728662_2023_3_150
10. Golovneva E.V., Golovnev I.A. «Киноатлас СССР»: учебный фильм «Восточная Сибирь» (1935) Томский журнал лингвистических и антропологических исследований, Головнева Е.В., Головнев И.А. «Киноатлас СССР»: учебный фильм «Восточная Сибирь» (1935) // Томский журнал лингвистических и антропологических исследований. 2022. № 3 (37). С. 117–127 (year - 2023) https://doi.org/10.23951/2307-6119-2022-3-117-127
11. Golovneva E.V., Golovnev I.A. Научные поиски в советской кинематографии 1920–1930-х гг. (метод «параллельной кинозасъемки» Анатолия Терского) Наука телевидения, Головнева Е.В., Головнев И.А. Научные поиски в советской кинематографии 1920–1930-х гг. (метод «параллельной кинозасъемки» Анатолия Терского) // Наука Телевидения. 2022. № 4 . C. 151–170. (year - 2023) https://doi.org/10.30628/1994-9529-2022-18.4-151-170
12. Kazurova N.V. Пространство женской неволи в кинематографе Азербайджана 1920-х–1930-х годов Кавказология, Казурова Н.В. Пространство женской неволи в кинематографе Азербайджана 1920-х–1930-х годов // Кавказология. 2023. № 3. С. 209–219. (year - 2023) https://doi.org/10.31143/2542-212X-2023-3-209-219
13. Kazurova N.V. Гендерная политика и образование в азербайджанском кинематографе 1920-х–1930-х гг. Университет. Образование. Общество, Казурова Н.В. Гендерная политика и образование в азербайджанском кинематографе 1920-х–1930-х гг. // Университет. Образование. Общество (К 300–летию Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета). СПб.: ООО «Сборка», 2023. С. 382–390 (year - 2023)
14. Stanulevich N.A. Импортозависимость советского кино- и фотопроизводства 1920-х годов Проблемы деятельности ученого и научных коллективов, Станулевич Н.А. Импортозависимость советского кино- и фотопроизводства 1920-х годов // Проблемы деятельности ученого и научных коллективов. 2023. №9(39). С. 242-250 (year - 2023) https://doi.org/10.24412/2414-9241-2023-9-242-250
15. Stanulevich N.A. Фотография и фотолитература как часть языка идеологий XX века Вестник Санкт-Петербургского государственного института культуры, Станулевич Н.А. Фотография и фотолитература как часть языка идеологий XX века // Вестник СПбГИК. 2023. № 3 (56). С. 95–101 (year - 2023) https://doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2023-3-95-101
16. Tolmacheva E.B. Антропологическая фотография 1920 – начала 1930 годов в контексте освоения советской властью национальных территорий Этнографическое обозрение, - (year - 2024)
17. Golovnev I.A. Киноатлас СССР: большой советский проект (1920–1930-е гг.) Сборник материалов X Международного Сибирского исторического форума «Сибирь и Россия: история и культура», Головнев И.А. Киноатлас СССР: проект и процесс / Труды отделения историко-филологических наук РАН. Москва: РАН, 2023. 364 с. С 193–206. (year - 2023)
Annotation of the results obtained in 2021
The start of the project "Cinema Atlas of the USSR: Experience in Positioning a Multinational State" inspired a comprehensive collection and analysis of visual materials, opening up new perspectives for considering film and photo documents as sources for studying various aspects of socio-cultural transformations in the ethnically heterogeneous and multi-structured space of the Soviet Union in the 1920s – 1930s, and allowing to consider the counter-motives of scientists in the development of visual resources for scientific purposes, and filmmakers - in the creation of films on ethnographic materials. In line with the project hypothesis about the soil nature of the direction of ethnographic cinema in Russia / USSR, such a thematic focusing made it possible to discover hitherto unknown experiences in the history of Russian visual ethnography / anthropology as a (sub) discipline. The main directions of the first year of work on the project were "Experiments of Scientists", "Experiments of Cinematographers" and "Joint Experiments of Researchers and Directors within the framework of the" Cinema Atlas of the USSR "project.
1) Experiments of scientists. The scientific group of the project carried out research on thematic archives of scientists in the funds of Russian museum and research institutions: the B.M. and Yu.M. Sokolovs in the Russian State Archives of Literature and Art in Moscow (RGALI. F. 483), L.L. Kapitsa in the Russian Ethnographic Museum in St. Petersburg (REM-4903), V.G. Bogoraz in the St. Petersburg branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPbF ARAN. F. 250), materials about the scientific work of N.F. Yakovlev in the Russian State Archives of Literature and Art in Moscow (RGALI, F. 2091). Cinema experiences expressed in theoretical developments ("Marxist Ethnofilma" by V.G.Bogoraz, "Cinema and Scientific Expeditions" by L.L. method "N.F. Sea "(1929) L. L. Kapitsa;" Kabardino-Balkaria to the 10th anniversary of October "(1927) A. N. Tersky), or with their consulting participation (" In Bryansk Polesie "(1931)," Storm of the North " (1931) In line with the study of scientists' approaches to the visualization of ethnicity in the period under study, special attention in the design work was paid to the expeditionary photo collections of the Kunstkamera (St. Petersburg), the St. Petersburg branch of the RAS Archive, the Russian Ethnographic Museum (funds of N. N. Volkova, Z. P. Malinovskaya, N.S. Rozova) Studied ethnographic photo collections They are quite indicative for comparison - they clearly demonstrate how the approach to photography of traditional culture has changed over the course of one decade, and how politics has formatted the approaches of researchers: from feeding the rudiments of ethnographic / regional traditions to relaying images of the construction of a Soviet sociocultural community on the map of the Union.
2) The experiences of filmmakers. Work was carried out to analyze the materials of films about Sovietization of the original regions of the USSR: Eastern Siberia and the Far East, the North and South Caucasus, Central Asia and the Northern Black Sea region. These sources made it possible to peer at the ethnopolitical, ethno-confessional, colonization, gender and other topical for the period under study, processes that took place on the ground (“Jews on Earth” by AM Rooma (1927), “Roof of the World” (1928) A. Erofeeva, Country of Nakhcho "(1930) N. A. Lebedeva," Kamchatka by N. D. Konstantinov (1928), "Descendant of Genghis Khan" (1928), "Baikal (along the western Baikal region to Mongolia)" (1928), “Around Buryat-Mongolia” (1929), as well as “Kalmyks” (1927) and “Young Republic (Kalmyk ASSR)” (1935) .Special attention in the course of design research was devoted to the study of the phenomenon of “anti-religious film” in the USSR, which pursued the goal the creation of an "atlas of confessions" in the Land of the Soviets Based on the materials of the most illustrative documentary films "Sectarians" (1930) by V. Korolevich and "At the Sectarians" (1930) by AN Tersky, the history of the formation of this special segment in the direction of educational cinema about peoples and cultures of the 1920s – 1930s. In addition, during the reporting period, extensive work was done to study materials from Soviet periodicals concerning the technical and creative nuances of the development of scientific cinematography in the USSR as a type of film industry. The corpus of Soviet ethno-geographical films studied during the work on the project demonstrates an impressive palette of author's styles and methods of film production: "Propaganda Cinema" by A.M. Rooma, "An anti-religious film" by V. Korolevich, "Kinoreportazh" by B.R. Neublitsky, "Ethnographic Film" by A.N. Tersky and others) and allows arguing the project hypothesis about the existence of a full-fledged direction of ethnographic cinema in the USSR in the 1920s – 1930s.
3) The project "Cinema Atlas of the USSR" as the quintessence of scientific and cinematic developments. During the reporting period, specially-directed studies of documents on the creation of films "Kinoatlas of the USSR" were carried out in the Russian State Archives of Literature and Art (Moscow): the funds of the film studios "Sovkino", "Vostokkino", "Mezhrabpomfilm", "Kino-Siberia", " Gosvoenkino "for the 1920s – 1930s. (RGALI. F. 645). The newly collected data made it possible to develop and additionally substantiate the project research that the chain of cultural and ideological foundations of the "atlas" project intertwined Marxist doctrine, the ideas of avant-garde cinema, as well as the intentions of ethnoscience itself. It was verified that initially (in the mid-1920s) the project of the Soviet "Kinoatlas" was conceived as a montage of newsreel materials of local history and production content that already existed at that time. However, already at the turn of the 1920s – 1930s. the project was reformatted in terms of the need for additional filming of new materials, first of all, reflecting the development of Soviet construction. Film sketches of local lore gave their place on the screen to full-length works - the so-called "cultural films", which combined an art form with documentary, popular science, and often propaganda content. During the reporting period, attention was drawn to such a significant aspect of the USSR Cinema Atlas project as “exporting the revolution” abroad and popularizing the ideas of the Communist International through the cinema screen. On the one hand, the distribution of Soviet film correspondents to various parts of the Union and others loyal to the Soviet system of the country made it possible to collect and operate a range of news materials related to the peculiarities of socialist construction in various parts of the world. On the other hand, films from the USSR, being a profitable commodity that were successfully distributed by Soviet trade missions in various parts of the world, allowed them to tell outside their "film truth" about the progressiveness of the socialist path of development. It is no coincidence that the transcripts of the discussion of the "cinema atlas" reveal proposals to expand the "cinema atlas of the USSR" to the scale of the "cinema atlas of the world" in terms of film mapping of the expanding zone of influence of the Soviet Union.
According to the project plans, the preparation of content (materials on the Far East and Eastern Siberia) for the projected Internet channel and multimedia application has also started. The general design of the preparatory application will echo the on-screen map of the USSR, from the frames of which most ethno-geographical films of the early Soviet period began, and make it possible to activate visual materials on this "movie map" depending on the region selected by the user.
The scientific results of the first year of design research were published in 7 articles in scientific journals, indexed in the international databases WoS and Scopus, included in the RSCI and the list of the Higher Attestation Commission. The materials of the work on the project were presented in 16 reports and presentations of the project participants at international and all-Russian scientific forums.
Publications
1. Golovnev E.V., Golovnev I.A. Советская антирелигиозная фильма. «Сектанты» Владимира Королевича (1930) Религиоведение, № 3. С. 151-159 (year - 2021) https://doi.org/10.22250/2072-8662.2021.3.151-159
2. Golovnev I.A. «Живой музей» и «борьба за культурфильму» Бориса Соколова Этнография, № 3 (13). С. 244-263 (year - 2021) https://doi.org/10.31250/2618-8600-2021-3(13)-244-263
3. Golovnev I.A. Образы Тувы в советском кинематографе (на примере творчества Б.Р. Небылицкого) Новые исследования Тувы, № 4. C. 119–130. (year - 2021) https://doi.org/10.25178/nit.2021.4.9
4. Golovnev I.A. Образы советской колонизации в архивном кино: «Евреи на земле» Абрама Роома. 1920–1930-е гг. Вестник архивиста, № 4. С. 1051–1063. (year - 2021) https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-4-1051-1063
5. Golovnev I.A. Национальная политика на экране. «Киноатлас СССР» Антропология и этнология: современный взгляд. М.: Политическая энциклопедия, 5. Головнев И.А. Национальная политика на экране. «Киноатлас СССР» / Антропология и этнология: современный взгляд. М.: Политическая энциклопедия, 2021. 559 с. С. 328–335. (year - 2021)
6. Golovnev I.A. Карельские киноэкспедиции Леонида Капицы 1927–1928 гг. Вестник угроведения, № 2. Т. 11. С. 378–387. (year - 2021) https://doi.org/10.30624/2220-4156-2021-11-2-378-387
7. Golovnev I.A. Кабардино-Балкария на советском экране: «этнографическая фильма» Анатолия Терского Известия СОИГСИ, № 40 (79). С. 23-36 (year - 2021) https://doi.org/10.46698/VNC.2021.79.40.002
8. Golovnev I.A. «Киноатлас СССР»: ретроспективный и перспективный ракурсы исследования XIV Конгресс антропологов и этнологов России. Томск : Издательство Томского государственного университета, XIV Конгресс антропологов и этнологов России : сб. материалов. Томск, 6–9 июля 2021 г. / отв. ред. И.В. Нам. – Москва ; Томск : Издательство Томского государственного университета, 2021. – 830 с. С. 658 (year - 2021)
9. - В Сыктывкаре открылась международная конференция "Визуальный текст в историко-культурном ландшафте" Информационное агентство "КомиИнформ", 23 сентября 2021 года, 19:20 (year - )
Annotation of the results obtained in 2022
In the course of implementing the project tasks, in accordance with the declared annual plan, in January-December 2022, work continued on the search, processing, introduction into scientific circulation and interdisciplinary analysis of the theoretical and practical developments of scientists, filmmakers, photographers of the early Soviet period in terms of constructing images of territories and regional-ethnic communities of the Soviet Union. New visual sources were identified in Russian and foreign archives and museums. The main thematic lines of the research were: "Experiences of scientists", "Experiences of cinematographers and photographers" and "Joint experiments of researchers and directors in the framework of the project" Cinema Atlas of the USSR ".
1) Experiments of scientists. Research was continued on thematic archives of scientists in the repositories of Russian museum and research institutions: funds of V.K. Arseniev in the Society for the Study of the Amur Territory (OIAK. F. 14) and in the Khabarovsk Museum of Local Lore (KhKM. F. 53), materials by A.N. Tersky in the Russian State Archive of Film and Photo Documents (RGAKFD. Fund of Film Documents. Item 1528), documents on the scientific work of N.F. Yakovlev in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art in Moscow (RGALI. Fund 2091). Film experiences are analyzed, expressed in theoretical developments (“Visual Ethnography” by V.K. Arsenyev, “Anti-Religious Film” by A.N. Tersky, “Cinema as a Form of Scientific Knowledge” by N.F. Yakovlev), as well as in practical film projects that were carried out either directly by scientists (“At the sectarians” by A.N. Tersky (1930), or with their consulting participation (“Forest People” (1928), “Through the wilds of the Ussuri Territory” (1928), “Unknown Land” (1931). at the turn of the 1920s and 1930s, these initiatives had common and specific features in terms of theoretical understanding and practical testing of the forms of interaction between ethnography and cinema.In all approaches, in different variations, the need was emphasized to establish a systemic connection between scientific and cinematographic institutions of the USSR and to search for parity ethnography and cinematography in the format of a popular science film.At the same time, each of these experiences has also made an original contribution to the development of o participated in expeditionary cinematographic work, initiated scientific research in Soviet cinema on topical issues of representation of ethnic and religious communities on the screen in the USSR, using psychology approaches (reflexology), and as a result developed a method of “parallel filming” of a moviegoer that corresponded to the ideological context of the early Soviet period . The “screening” of a scientific monograph in documentary films is the main novelty of the method used by V.K. Arsenyev while working with the Sovkino group on the ethno-films Forest People and Through the Wilds of the Ussuri Territory in 1928. And one of the main features of N.F. Yakovlev was the perception of cinema not as an external technology for use in existing research traditions, but as a completely new scientific method - a special "language" of scientific knowledge, capable of broadcasting research material in volume - the action itself and its figurative-emotional context, difficult to convey in a scientific text.
2) Experiences of cinematographers. Thematic surveys were carried out covering the activities of film directors and photo chroniclers of the 1920s–1930s. in the direction of visualization of ethnicity and regional specificity of the regions of the USSR. In particular, work was carried out to analyze the materials of films about the Sovietization of the original regions of the USSR: the Far East and the Middle Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, the North and South Caucasus, Central Asia and Buryatia, etc. ethno-political, ethno-confessional, gender and related topical processes for the period under study that took place on the ground. The development of the production of Soviet ethno-geographical films took place at the turn of the 1920s–1930s, and was associated with the appearance of a series of feature films directed by directors (A.I. Bek-Nazarov, V.A. Erofeev, N.K. Konstantinov, A. N. Terskoy and others), while many of the films produced were created in collaboration with scientific consultants (V.K. Arseniev, V.A. Sytin, N.F. Yakovlev and others). Those documentary pictures and accompanying materials that characterize the process of their creation open to researchers not only informational pictures of the evolution of certain cultural forms under socialism, but also the corresponding “off-screen” context. The current retrospective study of film images of the regions proved that, on the one hand, cinema during the formation of Soviet power really acted as the most important information and propaganda tool to accompany state programs for the colonization of the country's territories. On the other hand, it strengthened the arguments that correspond to the hypothesis of the project that the cinema was used by the party leadership as a resource of the “cultural revolution”, supporting the projects of the Soviet modernization of the life and customs of the population of remote corners of the country. Revealing the “harmful” remnants of the pre-Soviet period in films of the game and non-game direction, the political projects of the Bolsheviks, framed in movie propaganda, were aimed, in particular, at eliminating folk beliefs, religion as a social institution and religious fanaticism, traditional norms of behavior, especially in matters of gender stratification societies in the Muslim territories of the Soviet Union.
3) The project "Kinoatlas of the USSR" as the quintessence of scientific and cinematographic developments. During the reporting period, research was continued on the USSR Cinema Atlas in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (Moscow): funds of the Sovkino, Vostokkino, Mezhrabpomfilm, Kino-Sibir, Gosvoenkino film studios for the 1920s–1930s years, as well as in the fund of film documents of the Russian State Archive of Film and Photo Documents (Krasnogorsk, Moscow Region), and in the library fund of periodicals of the Central Bureau of Local Lore (TsBK).
It was noted that on the anniversary of the 10th anniversary of October, the country’s demand for the embodiment of the images of the revolution in “large forms” was updated - the first round anniversary of the government demanded from the Bolshevik Party, on the one hand, convincing reporting for the past period, on the other hand, high-profile promising projects . In the cinema, such a “big Soviet project” was just the “Kinoatlas of the USSR”, officially launched by order of the Central Executive Committee. Of course, the Kinoatlas project in the form in which it arose at the turn of the 1920s–1930s - a product of exclusively Soviet realities, expressing the interweaving of the positions of ideology, science and art of the designated period. Namely, the nationalization of the film industry, the unification of disparate film resources around several basic organizations, the transition to a planned economy and departmental unification of the efforts of specialists in various fields of activity - became the sum of the factors that determined its birth as an ideological tool for use on the cultural front of Soviet construction.
According to the announced plans, the preparation of content for the projected Internet channel and multimedia application was also continued. The overall design of the upcoming application will echo the on-screen map of the USSR, with frames from which most of the ethno-geographical films of the early Soviet period began, and will enable the activation of visual materials on this “movie map” depending on the region selected by the user.
Specific scientific results of the second year of project research were published in 15 articles in scientific publications indexed in the international databases WoS and Scopus, included in the RSCI and the VAK list, including the organization of the thematic block "Visual Ethnography" in the journal "Ethnography" (included in the international database SCOPUS) . Materials of the project work were presented in 26 reports and presentations of the project participants at international and all-Russian scientific forums and film festivals.
Publications
1. Belyaeva-Sachuk V.A., Trushkina E.Y. Бурятский буддизм в советском этнографическом кино 1920–1930-х годов Исторический курьер, Исторический курьер. № 5 (25). C. 116 – 129 (year - 2022) https://doi.org/10.31518/2618-9100-2022-5-9
2. Golovnev I.A. «Киноатлас СССР»: «Туруханский край» Виктора Сытина Исторический курьер, Исторический курьер. 2022. № 5 (25). С. 50–63 (year - 2022) https://doi.org/10.31518/2618-9100-2022-5-4
3. Golovnev I.A. Киноатлас СССР: Автономная область Коми Визуальный текст в историко-культурном ландшафте, Визуальный текст в историко-культурном ландшафте. Сыктывкар: Коми республиканская типография, 2021. 268 с. С. 7–11. (year - 2021)
4. Golovnev I.A. Кино и этнография: концепция Николая Яковлева Этнографическое обозрение, Этнографическое обозрение. 2022. № 1. С. 213–230 (year - 2022) https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869541522010134
5. Golovnev I.A. Киноатлас СССР: «Камчатка» Николая Константинова (1927) Диалог со временем, Диалог со временем. 2022. № 2. С. 213–227 (year - 2022) https://doi.org/10.21267/AQUILO.2022.79.79.013
6. Golovnev I.A. Кинематографические опыты В.К. Арсеньева (на материалах работы с «Совкино» 1928–1929 гг.) Труды Института истории, археологии и этнографии ДВО РАН, Труды Института истории, археологии и этнографии ДВО РАН. 2022. Т. 36. № 2. С. 37–69 (year - 2022) https://doi.org/10.24412/265859602022363769
7. Golovnev I.A. Дальневосточная одиссея Владимира Арсеньева: опыт визуально-антропологического исследования ОЙКУМЕНА. РЕГИОНОВЕДЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ, Ойкумена. Регионоведческие исследования. 2022. № 3. С.30–42. (year - 2022) https://doi.org/10.24866/1998-6785/2022-3/30-42
8. Golovnev I.A., Golovneva E.V. Шаманизм в советском антирелигиозном кинематографе 1920-1930-х гг. (на примере фильма «Игденбу (1930) Амо Бек-Назарова) Этнография, Этнография. 2022. № 3 (17). С. 197–219 (year - 2022) https://doi.org/10.31250/2618-8600-2022-3(17)-197-219
9. Golovneva E.V. Камчатка в индустриальном фоторепортаже Г.З. Гайдукевича (1930-е гг.) Сибирские исторические исследования, Сибирский исторические исследования. 2022. № 2. С. 159–180 (year - 2022) https://doi.org/10.17223/2312461X/36/9
10. Golovneva E.V. «Киноатлас СССР»: учебно-географический фильм «Западная Сибирь» (1937) Исторический курьер, Исторический курьер. № 5 (25). С. 40–49 (year - 2022) https://doi.org/10.31518/2618-9100-2022-5-3
11. Golovneva E.V. Феномен советского антирелигиозного фильма 1920–1930-х гг. (по материалам журнала «Антирелигиозник») Визуальный текст в историко-культурном ландшафте, Визуальный текст в историко-культурном ландшафте. Сыктывкар: Коми республиканская типография, 2021. 268 с. С. 12–17. (year - 2021)
12. Golovneva E.V., Golovnev I.A. Антирелигиозный фильм Анатолия Терского «У сектантов» (1930) Религиоведение, Религиоведение. 2022. № 1. С. 147–156. (year - 2022) https://doi.org/10.22250/20728662_2022_1_147
13. Kazurova N.V. Столкновение советской пропаганды и традиционного образа жизни в азербайджанском кинематографе конца 1920-х – середины 1930-х годов (на примере ролей И. Оруджевой в фильмах «Севиль» и «Алмас») Исторический курьер, Исторический курьер. № 5 (25). C. 103–115. (year - 2022) https://doi.org/10.31518/2618-9100-2022-5-8
14. Vasiltsov K., Kazurova N. На «Крыше мира» или у подножия Митры: исма‛илизм и этническая идентичность памирцев в историографии и кинохронике В. А. Ерофеева (1928) Этнография, Этнография. 2022. № 3 (17). С. 179–196 (year - 2022) https://doi.org/10.31250/2618-8600-2022-3(17)-179-196
15. Golovnev I.A. Советизация этничности: Киноатлас СССР («У берегов Чукотского моря», 1934) Место и голос: практики Другого в искусстве. СПб: «Издательство К. Тублина», 2022. 304 с., Место и голос: практики Другого в искусстве. СПб: «Издательство К. Тублина», 2022. 304 с. С. 189–218. (year - 2022)
16. - Петербургские исследователи реконструируют киноатлас СССР и сделают его общедоступным ИТАР ТАСС, Пресс-конференция "Киноатлас СССР: опыт позиционирования многонационального государства". ИТАР-ТАСС. Санкт-Петербург. 13 декабря 2022 г. (year - )